Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences
The encyclopedia of the philosophical sciences in outline is a work by the German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) published in Heidelberg in 1817 . It contains his philosophy designed as an all-encompassing system and was also intended as a lecture compendium.
This encyclopedia is one of the main works of German idealism , which deals in particular with topics of metaphysics and ontology such as the “divine absolute” and the “idea”, but also with the totality of reality and the knowable. The Hegelian dialectic is also presented here.
In 1827 the second edition, almost twice as thick, appeared, in 1830 the third edition, which was again changed. With the exception of the anniversary edition published by Hermann Glockner, today's reprints (for example in the widespread edition at Suhrkamp ) are based on this third edition, plus the "additions" that the "Friends of the Eternal" added from manuscripts and student transcripts from lectures. The additions are problematic by today's philological standards.
This writing had a great influence on the philosophy of life and neo-Kantianism ; many well-known thinkers - u. a. Bakunin (1814–1876), Charles S. Peirce (1839–1914), Benedetto Croce (1866–1952) and Giovanni Gentile (1875–1944) - dealt intensively with her.
Content classification
The "Encyclopedia" has three main parts:
In addition to prefaces, the whole thing is preceded by an introduction, which u. a. the "Three Positions of Thought to Objectivity" contains. In this section Hegel justifies his dialectical method and classifies it in terms of philosophy and history.
Science of logic
Hegel derives his view of the world from “the dialectical movement of the concept” (§ 415). The concept is therefore not only an element of individual thinking, but the all-producing primal force. Logic is science in which the term, figuratively speaking, is “at home”.
This first part of the "encyclopedia" is intended to provide people who have come of age with the tools and the building blocks with which the existing and the perishing in nature and spirit can be understood.
The following table is intended to make the structure of the logical science clear.
| The doctrine of being | ||
| quality | quantity | Measure |
| Be | quantity | Measure |
| To be there | Quantum | specific measure |
| Being for yourself | Degree | Excessive |
| The doctrine of essence | ||
| Essence | Appearance | reality |
| Reflection provisions | world | real possibility |
| existence | Content and form | external necessity |
| thing | relationship | unconditional reality |
| The doctrine of the idea | ||
| term | object | idea |
| term | mechanism | Life |
| judgment | Chemism | Detect |
| Enough | purpose | idea |
The science of nature
In Hegel's dialectic nature is the other of spirit. Through the nature of the inorganic, the reader is led to the living, which finds its perfection in the spirit. The following table shows the three departments of natural philosophy, which are again divided into three parts. In addition, thematic priorities are listed.
| mechanics | |
|---|---|
| space and time | Space, time, place and movement |
| Matter and movement | Inertial matter, shock, fall, center of gravity, weight, friction and law of fall |
| Absolute mechanics | Gravitation, Planetary Bodies, and Kepler's Law |
| physics | |
| General individuality | The sun and its light, illuminated bodies, elements (air, fire, water and earth), the earth as a real individuality |
| Special individuality | Specific gravity, cohesion, strength and elasticity, sound and vibration, warmth |
| Total individuality | External bodies, bar magnet, crystallization; Light transmission, refraction and color, electricity and chemistry |
| Organic physics | |
| Geological organism | The earth's body as a general system: rocks, land, sea |
| Vegetable organism | The individuality of the plant and its life process |
| Animal organism | Drive, instinct and end in itself, digestion, species and death, reproduction, disease and healing |
Natural philosophy is a problematic part of his system for several reasons:
- Much scientific knowledge had not yet been gained at the beginning of the 19th century.
- Many natural phenomena had not yet been clarified, so that z. B. Goethe's color theory was considered a serious scientific model.
- Hegel's concept of elements is based on the worldview of antiquity, although of course he also knows the chemical concept.
- When reading, it should be noted that the meaning of some technical terms has changed historically. They therefore need to be translated into today's terminology.
- The approach of deriving everything from the self-movement of the term is problematic: either the term has not yet been properly developed, or the approach itself is unsuitable.
The science of the mind
The Philosophy of Mind, the third part of the "Encyclopedia", is divided into three sections:
| Subjective mind | ||
|---|---|---|
| anthropology | phenomenology | psychology |
| natural soul | awareness | theoretical mind |
| sentient soul | Self-confidence | practical mind |
| real soul | reason | free mind |
| Objective mind | ||
| Law | morality | morality |
| property | Intent | family |
| contract | The intention and the good | civil society |
| Wrong | The good and the bad | Country |
| Absolute spirit | ||
| art | religion | philosophy |
expenditure
- by own hand: 1817; 2nd edition 1827, 3rd edition 1830.
- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Encyclopedia of the philosophical sciences in outline. Facsimile print of the original version Heidelberg 1817. With a foreword by Hermann Glockner . F. Frommann, Stuttgart 1927, again in this: Complete works. Vol. 6. Frommann, Stuttgart 1927, 1938, 1956, 1968 and 1988.
- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences. [1830]. 3 volumes. Editing: Eva Moldenhauer , Karl Markus Michel . Frankfurt am Main, 1970, Suhrkamp. ISBN 3-518-09718-0 .
- First part. The science of logic. With the oral additions (reissued on the basis of the works from 1832–1845) Frankfurt am Main 1986 (= works. 8).
- Second part. The natural philosophy. With the oral additions (reissued on the basis of the works from 1832–1845) Frankfurt am Main 1986 (= works. 9).
- Third part. The philosophy of mind. With the oral additions (reissued on the basis of the works from 1832–1845) Frankfurt am Main 1986 (= works. 10).
- dto. Newly published by Friedhelm Nicolin, Otto Pöggeler. Mine, Hamburg. 8th edition 1991. 515 pages. ISBN 978-3-7873-1032-6 .
bibliography
- Karen Gloy, Rainer Lambrecht: Bibliography on Hegel's "Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Outlines". Primary and secondary literature 1817–1994. Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart / Bad Cannstatt 1995, ISBN 3-7728-1631-2 .
Web links
- Full text encyclopedia of the philosophical sciences at Zeno.org . The text follows the 3rd increased edition: Heidelberg (Oßwald) 1830.