Istanbul earthquake in 1509
| Istanbul earthquake in 1509 | |||
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| date | September 10, 1509 | ||
| Time | 22:00:00 | ||
| intensity | VII on the MSK scale | ||
| Magnitude | 7.2 M S | ||
| epicenter | 40 ° 54 '0 " N , 28 ° 42' 0" E | ||
| country | Ottoman Empire | ||
| dead | between 1,000 and 13,000 | ||
The Istanbul earthquake in 1509 shook the region on September 10, 1509 at around 10 p.m. local time. The quake had a magnitude of 7.2 ± 0.3 M S . A tsunami and numerous aftershocks followed the main quake. The number of deaths is unknown, but estimates range from 1,000 to 13,000.
background
The Sea of Marmara is a pull-apart basin , i.e. a subsidence area that was created by the dextral offset of the North Anatolian fault . This zone was created by the offset of the Anatolian and Eurasian plates . The pattern of faults in the Sea of Marmara Basin is complex, but near Istanbul there is a large fault with a sharp bend. In the west the fault runs from west to east and is a pure leaf displacement . In the east the fault runs from northwest to southeast and shows evidence of transtension . Movement at this fault, which borders the Çınarcık Basin , was the most likely cause of the 1509 event.
earthquake
The quake struck on September 10, 1509 around 22:00 pm, the city with a magnitude of 7.2 M S . The intensity was on the Medvedev-Sponheuer-Kárník scale VII (very strong).
The damage ranged from Çorlu in the west to Izmit in the east. Galata and Büyükçekmece suffered major damage. In Istanbul, numerous houses and chimneys collapsed and walls suffered severe cracks. The newly built Beyazıt Mosque was badly damaged. The main dome collapsed, as did the top of a minaret . The Fatih Mosque suffered severe damage to the four main pillars and the dome. The Hagia Sophia withstood the earthquake well, even when a minaret collapsed. Inside, the plaster that covered the Byzantine mosaics fell off, exposing the Christian images.
The number of injuries and deaths is difficult to estimate and so the various estimates vary between 1,000 and 13,000 deaths. It is believed that numerous members of the sultan's family died during the earthquake. The aftershocks lasted up to 45 days after the main quake, and people were unable to enter their homes for around two months.
The earthquake was reportedly predicted by an unnamed Greek monk from St. Catherine's Monastery on the Sinai Peninsula when he was present at the Sultan's court. The European interpretations of the time regarded the earthquake as a punishment from God for the Turks for taking up arms against the European Christians. Similarly, Bayezid II saw the quake as a punishment from God for the wrongdoing of his ministers.
consequences
A fault fracture with a length of 70 km was estimated from the area and intensity of the quake. Severe tremors occurred every half an hour and were strong and long-lasting, forcing residents to seek refuge in open parks and squares. The aftershocks are said to have lasted for many days and caused no further damage, but delayed reconstruction in some areas.
Some sources mention a tsunami over 6 meters high, but others do not mention this event. In the Çınarcık Basin, however, a layer of sediment was discovered, the deposit of which coincides with the date of the earthquake.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Nicholas Ambraseys JA Jackson: Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500 . In: Geophysical Journal International , Volume 141, No. 3 (2000), pp. F1-F6 doi : 10.1046 / j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Nicholas Ambraseys: The Earthquake of 1509 in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey, Revisited . In: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . Volume 91, No. 6 (December 2001), doi : 10.1785 / 0120000305 .
- ^ R. Armijo, B. Meyer, S. Navarro, G. King, A. Narka: Asymmetric slip partitioning in the Sea of Marmara pull-apart: a clue to propagation processes of the North Anatolian Fault? . In: Terra Nova . 2002, Volume 14, No. 2, pp. 80–86 ( online as PDF ); doi : 10.1046 / j.1365-3121.2002.00397.x
- ↑ G. Lozefski, C. McHugh, M.-H. Cormier, N. Çagatay, N. Okay: Provenance of turbidite sands in the Marmara Sea, Turkey: a tool for submarine paleoseismology. In: Paper No. 56-6, Northeastern Section (39th Annual) and Southeastern Section (53rd Annual) Joint Meeting (March 25-27, 2004). 2004, archived from the original on April 2, 2019 ; accessed on May 12, 2020 .