Archdiocese of Petra

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The Archdiocese of Petra was a diocese of the Roman Catholic (or Latin) Church at the time of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem . The diocese was established in 1168 and went under again in 1188 at the latest. The bishopric was not in the eponymous Petra, which was already uninhabited at the time, but in Kerak ( Jordan ). The Archbishop of Petra was a suffragan of the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem and had as the only suffragan the abbot of the Greek Orthodox Catherine Monastery of Mount Sinai .

history

In the Byzantine period , Petra was the seat of an archbishop as a suffragan of the Patriarch of Jerusalem. After the conquest by the Arabs, the bishopric was moved to Amman at an unknown time.

Kerak was probably occupied by the Crusaders some time before 1142. However, the citadel and the city fortifications were only created around 1142 by Paganus , the cupbearer of King Fulko . His successors Moritz and Philipp expanded the fortress further.

In 1168, following the tradition of the Byzantine diocese, the Latin Archdiocese of Petra was established. The Archdiocese of Petra and the Diocese of Hebron , founded in the same year, were the last Latin dioceses to be founded in the Crusader states. The district was probably separated from the Jerusalem district. According to Hans Eberhard Mayer, the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem had the tithe in Transjordan in 1110 (= area east of the Jordan). Since the eponymous Petra was uninhabited, Kerak was designated as the seat of the Archdiocese. According to Hans Eberhard Mayer, the Canons' Monastery at the Templum Domini in Jerusalem exercised the rights of bishop in the rule of Oultrejordain before the archbishopric was founded.

The Archbishop of Petra was a suffragan of the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. However, this subordination was disputed as early as 1145/53 by the Patriarch of Antioch, who believed the archdiocese belonged to the Patriarchate of Antioch. Even after the fall of Kerak, the now academic dispute continued in 1239. The Archbishop of Petra had as the only suffragan the Greek Orthodox abbot of the Catherine monastery on Mount Sinai.

The chapter consisted of dean, archdeacon, cantor, subdeacon and three priests. The cathedral church and probably also the bishopric and chapter building stood on the site of today's Great Mosque. The first and only Archbishop of Petra was Guerric (i) us, a canon of the Chapter of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. It is documented from 1168 to 1183. The district comprised the rule Oultrejordain (Kerak and Montreal) in what is now Jordan. Possibly he was the nameless Archiepiscopus de Monte Regali , who died in 1190 during the siege of Acre.

In 1170 and 1173 the city and fortress were besieged by Muslims. The daughter of Philipp de Milly, Stefanie von Milly, was widowed in 1177 and married Raynald von Châtillon , the (former) Prince of Antioch, for the second time . He initiated raids against caravans and Arab cities. In 1183 Saladin besieged the city and fortress, finally burned the city down, he could not take the fortress. In 1184 he besieged the fortress again, but had to withdraw again. In the winter of 1186/87, contrary to the contract, he again attacked a caravan and refused, also on the orders of King Guido , to return the booty and the prisoners. In the further course of the year 1187 Saladin gathered a larger army and on July 4, 1187 defeated the armed forces of the Latin Kingdom at the Battle of Hattin . Stefanie von Milly tried in September 1187 to negotiate an agreement with Saladin, releasing her son Humfried against the surrender of the town and fortress of Kerak. But the crew of the Kerak fortress refused to surrender and so Saladin's brother al-Malik al-Adil Kerak finally conquered Kerak in 1189 after almost two years of siege.

The cathedral was converted into a mosque, and the bishopric went under again. The former cathedral was integrated into the current south wing of the Great Mosque in Kerak. The diocese went under, but was apparently still occupied by titular bishops in partibus infidelium until the beginning of the 13th century . So an unnamed archbishop of Petra is mentioned in the years 1227 and 1238.

Sole Latin Archbishop

  • 1168 to 1183 (1188?, 1190?) Guerricius / Guerricus , canon of the Templum Domini, an unnamed archiepiscopus de Monte Regali died (probably) in 1190 during the siege of Acre; it could still have been Guerricus.

Titular Archbishops

  • 1227, 1238 NN
  • 1419 Petrus Stirejus, OESA

Canons

The chapter was named in 1168: Goffridus (archdeacon), Lidinus (cantor), Helias, Hengelricus, Arnoldus, Bernardus and Guillelmus.

Titular Archbishopric of Petra in Palestine

In the 17th century, the titular Archdiocese of Petra in Palestine was recreated following the tradition of the Byzantine diocese and the Latin Archdiocese. It was a title without a country that was awarded until 1963. The title has been vacant since the death of the last title holder Alfredo Sila Santiago in December 1970.

literature

  • Denys Pringle: he Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. A corpus. Volume I. AK (excluding Acre and Jerusalem). Cambridge University Press, 1993 ISBN 0-521-39036-2 (hereinafter abbreviated to Pringle, Churches, I with corresponding page number)
  • Reinhold Röhricht. Syria sacra. Journal of the German Palestine Association, 10: 1–48, 1887 JSTOR (PDF) (hereinafter abbreviated Röhricht, Syria sacra with corresponding page number)
  • Reinhold Röhricht: Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (1097 - 1291). Wagner, Innsbruck, 1893 (in the following abbreviated Röhricht, RRH with corresponding page number and certificate number)
  • Reinhold Röhricht: History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1100-1291). Publishing house of the Wagner University Bookstore, Innsbruck, 1898.
  • Reinhold Röhricht: Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (1097 - 1291). Addendum. Wagner, Innsbruck, 1904 (in the following abbreviated Röhricht, RRH, Add. With the corresponding page number and certificate number)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hans Eberhard Mayer: Dioceses, monasteries and monasteries in the Kingdom of Jerusalen. Anton Hirsemann, Stuttgart 1977 (Writings of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Vol. 26) ISBN 3-7772-7719-3 , p. 201.
  2. ↑ a b c d e Hans Eberhard Mayer: The crusader rule of Montréal (Šōbak): Jordan in the 12th century. Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palestinaverein, 14: XXXII, 302 S., Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1990, ISBN 3-447-02988-9 Preview in Google Books (p. 221-: The elevation of Petras to the archbishopric)
  3. ↑ a b Röhricht, Syria sacra, p. 16.
  4. ↑ Pringle, Churches, I, pp. 287-295.
  5. ↑ Conrad Eubel: Hierarchia catholica medii aevi, sive Summorum pontificum, SRE cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series from anno 1198 usque ad annum 1431 perducta e documentis tabularii praesertim vaticani collecta, digesta, edita. (Part 1) Regensberg, Münster, 1913 Online at archive.org , p. 398.

Coordinates: 31 ° 11 ′ 7.4 "  N , 35 ° 42 ′ 19.4"  E