Eve teasing
With the euphemism Eve teasing ( English Eve teasing ) is in India , Pakistan , Bangladesh and Nepal , the sexual harassment of women referred to in public places. In 1998, the New Delhi Prohibition of Eve Teasing Act was passed, which was the first time sexual harassment was defined. Eve teasing is not a separate criminal offense in India.
Action
Eve-teasing ranges from suggestive hints and groping to threats . Actions such as whistling and unwanted contact are also included. The perpetrators are individuals and groups. At times, especially in India, stalking was included, which only later became a separate criminal offense. Some cases escalated to rape and murder .
Development and countermeasures
First attempts to get the problem under control by legal means did not find any response, although the phenomenon has been known since the 1970s. The first legal regulation (and legal definition) took place in 1984 by the provincial government of New Delhi.
In 1990, a group of employees asked a passenger on the bus ride to either get off the bus or be raped. After Sarika Shah's death in an attack, the government of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu proclaimed the Tamil Nadu Prohibition of Eve-teasing Ordinance in 1998 .
Greater Delhi is a particularly badly affected region. Attempts were also made to address the problem in the run-up to the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, as it was feared that it would have a negative impact on foreign guests. In Bombay, among other things, special train compartments were set up for women. The number of women traveling (including alone) has doubled since 1995. Corresponding Ladies Special compartments have since been set up in many regional trains in India as well as in the Delhi Metro .
Particularly extreme riots, such as the gang rape in Delhi in 2012 , made headlines around the world and triggered large demonstrations and protests and various countermeasures in India. Passengers and drivers of a bus had beaten up a couple and brutally raped the woman in front of her boyfriend several times. The act was also used as an opportunity to replace the euphemism with a more appropriate term. The case of a TV reporter who wanted to report on what had happened in front of the hospital and was harassed by three men from a car also became known.
NGOs against Eve teasing include Nirbhaya Karnataka ( "Fearless Karnataka '), in which, among other things, the Blank Noise Project in Bangalore is engaged. Similar actions are also taking place in Mumbai .
literature
- Shobha Saxena : Crimes Against Women and Protective Laws . Deep & Deep Publications , 1995 (English).
- Alison M. Thomas, Celia Kitzinger : Sexual Harassment: Contemporary Feminist Perspectives . Open University Press , 1997, ISBN 0-335-19580-6 (English).
- Clare Brant, Yun Lee Too : Rethinking Sexual Harassment . Pluto Press , 1994, ISBN 0-7453-0838-4 , Sexual Harassment In India: A Case Study of Eve-Teasing in Historical Perspective , pp. 200 (English).
Web links
- B. Jyoti Kiran: Eveteasing In India And Tortious Liabilities . LegalServiceIndia.com.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Cf. K. Jaishankar, Megha Desai and P. Mahava Soma Sundaram: A survey of stalking victims in India. In: Natti Ronel (Ed.): Trends and Issues in Victimology. Cambridge Scholars, Newcastle 2008, ISBN 1-4438-0069-4 , p. 284.
- ↑ See Carol E. Henderson: Culture and Customs of India . Greenwood, London 2002, p. 127.
- ↑ Cf. Jyoti Puri: Woman, Body, Desire in Post-Colonial India. Narratives of Gender and Sexuality . Routledge, London 1999, ISBN 0-203-90662-4 , p. 81.
- ↑ See Sheila Mitra-Sarkar and P. Partheeban: Abandon all hope, Ye who enter here. Understanding the Problem of "Eve Teasing" in Chennai, India . In: Women's Issues in Transportation. Summary of the 4th International Conference Vol. 2, ISBN 978-0-309-16083-4 , p. 75.
- ↑ See K. Jaishankar and Debarati Halder: Cyper Bullying Among School Students in India . In: K. Jaishankar (Ed.) Cyper Bullying Among School Students in India . Cambridge Scholars, Newcastle 2009, ISBN 1-4438-0198-4 , p. 594.
- ↑ See Sheila Mitra-Sarkar and P. Partheeban: Abandon all hope, Ye who enter here. Understanding the Problem of "Eve Teasing" in Chennai, India . In: Women's Issues in Transportation. Summary of the 4th International Conference Vol. 2, ISBN 978-0-309-16083-4 , p. 75.
- ↑ Elizabeth Chatterjee: Delhi: Mostly Harmless: One woman's vision of the city . Random House India, 2013, ISBN 978-81-8400-510-3 ( Google Books [accessed January 21, 2016]).
- ↑ National Crime Records Bureau, India ( Memento from January 8, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
- ↑ Ketaki Gokhale: Delhi Versus 'Eve Teasers': a Race Against Time . In: The Wall Street Journal , September 14, 2009.
- ↑ Mumbai's Ladies Special train leaves the commuter sex pests behind . In: Times Online , October 14, 2009.
- ↑ Women get exclusive coach in Delhi Metro . In: Hindustan Times , HT Media Limited, October 2, 2010. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014 Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved February 9, 2015.
- ^ Nidhi Dutt BBC News, Mumbai: Eve teasing in India: Assault or harassment by another name. In: BBC News. Retrieved January 21, 2016 .
- ↑ Headlines Today reporter faces eve-teasing while reporting on Delhi gangrape case: North, News - India Today. In: indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved January 21, 2016 .
- ↑ Not just eve-teasing! . In: Deccan Herald , March 7th, 2009. Archived from the original on February 9th, 2015 Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ^ Join the fight against eve teasing in Mumbai. In: www.rediff.com. Retrieved January 21, 2016 .
