Fetal Tobacco Syndrome

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Classification according to ICD-10
P04.2 Damage to the fetus and newborns from tobacco use by the mother
ICD-10 online (WHO version 2019)
A pregnant woman who smokes

The Fetal tobacco syndrome (FTS) refers to the prenatal resulting injury to a child by tobacco smoking or passive smoking of the mother during pregnancy .

definition

If an embryo (up to the ninth week of pregnancy) or fetus (from the ninth week of pregnancy) is exposed to nicotine and other poisons contained in tobacco smoke during its development , its development will be impaired and it will experience further developmental damage, which will have a negative impact throughout later life can. In extreme cases, this damage can even lead to premature birth or miscarriage . This damage that can be diagnosed after birth is summarized under the term fetal tobacco syndrome.

history

In 1957, the first study was published that found a reduced birth weight in children of smoking mothers. In the decades that followed, almost 10,000 other medical publications appeared describing the relationship between smoking and fetal growth and further child development. Recent studies also show links between tobacco use during pregnancy and respiratory diseases , otitis media , obesity , behavioral and socialization problems , including depression , alcohol abuse and abuse of other substances. Smoking is also a contributor to premature births and miscarriages , perinatal mortality, and sudden infant deaths .

In a scientific publication published in 1985, the authors mentioned Nieburg et al. For the first time, a new generic term for the various clinical pictures that have smoking during pregnancy as a common cause. Under the term "Fetal Tobacco Syndrome" (FTS), they gave a name to the many symptoms that are caused by pregnant tobacco consumption.

root cause

The cause of the FTS is exclusively active or passive tobacco consumption by the mother during pregnancy.

Prevention

The only effective way of avoiding tobacco-related harm to the unborn child is to completely and consistently refrain from active and passive consumption of tobacco by the pregnant woman for the entire duration of gestation . The greatest difficulty with any prevention approach is that many women are not aware of the risks of tobacco consumption and the possible consequences for the child, or the risks are underestimated.

A study by the University of Greifswald found that every fifth pregnant woman in Germany smokes until birth. As a result, Germany is still lagging behind countries with more intensive tobacco control measures and prevention efforts, such as Sweden and the USA. Despite all efforts to provide information, there are still doctors who refuse to give up smoking completely during pregnancy because the unborn child will be deprived of nicotine. It is forgotten that this means that nicotine withdrawal is only postponed until the time of birth.

Prevention efforts must therefore primarily educate doctors about the various aspects of AGVS so that they can adequately advise their pregnant patients.

Health hazards

In Germany there are 500 to 600 deaths from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) each year , of which up to half of the cases are attributed to passive smoking. Smoking during pregnancy and after childbirth significantly increases the risk of this. If a pregnant woman smokes more than ten cigarettes a day, the risk of SIDS increases sevenfold. The risk of SIDS with parental tobacco consumption is two to four times higher than in smoke-free households.

A study by University College London published in 2011 analyzed 172 research papers from the past 50 years. 174,000 malformations were compared with 11.7 million controls. The result was that smoking during pregnancy increased the risk of hand and foot malformations by 26 percent and that of clubfeet by 28 percent. Gastrointestinal malformations are 27 percent more common. If the mother smoked during pregnancy, malformations of the skull ( craniosynostosis ) occurred by 33 percent, malformations of the eyes by 25 percent more often. The risk of a crack in the lip, jaw or palate is increased by 28 percent. The risk of gastroschisis , a malformation of the abdominal wall with the prolapse of parts of the stomach or intestines, is increased by 50%. No increased risk was found for other malformations such as a congenital heart defect.

In a joint study published in 2009 by several German universities, hospitals and institutes, a group of almost 6000 children up to the age of ten showed that passive smoking significantly increases the rate of hyperactivity , attention deficits and other behavioral disorders. Both prenatal and postnatal exposure to tobacco smoke were examined.

According to a study from 2011, children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy have a ten to 15 percent higher risk of heart disease for at least the first eight years of life.

Passive smoking increases the risk of infection in children by 20–50% and can disrupt their mental development because the growing brain reacts much more sensitively than that of adults. An accumulation of brain tumors has even been observed.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Journal of the American Medical Association: Nieburg, Marks, McLaren, Remington: "The Fetal Tobacco Syndrome" (Vol. 253, No. 20, May 24, 1985)
  2. ↑ Die Welt: Every fifth pregnant woman smokes
  3. ↑ A. Schulze: Drug withdrawal syndromes in newborns . In: Obstetrics Basics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. doi : 10.1007 / 3-540-33769-5_66
  4. ↑ Active smoke-free: Unborn passive smokers: nicotine withdrawal begins at birth
  5. ↑ Active smoke-free: Smoking during pregnancy
  6. ↑ http://www.dkfz.de/de/rauchertelefon/download/Passivrauchende_Kinder_4_Auflage.pdf
  7. ↑ http://www.aerzteblatt.de/v4/news/news.asp?id=46596  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.aerzteblatt.de  
  8. ↑ http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/07/09/humupd.dmr022
  9. ↑ Tobacco smoke makes children hyperactive . ( Memento of the original from January 7, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: sueddeutsche.de , December 3, 2009, accessed on January 26, 2010 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sueddeutsche.de
  10. ^ S. Rückinger, P. Rzehak, CM Chen, S. Sausenthaler, S. Koletzko, CP Bauer, U. Hoffmann, U. Kramer, D. Berdel, A. von Berg, O. Bayer, HE Wichmann, R. von Kries, J. Heinrich: Prenatal and postnatal tobacco exposure and behavioral problems in 10-year-old children: results from the GINI-plus prospective birth cohort study. In: Environmental health perspectives. Volume 118, Number 1, January 2010, pp. 150-154, ISSN  1552-9924 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp.0901209 . PMID 20056582 . PMC 2831960 (free full text).
  11. ↑ http://newsticker.sueddeutsche.de/list/id/1170500 ( Memento from June 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ↑ - Doctors against smoking injuries