Friendship and Freedom

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Friendship and Freedom , published from 1924 to 1925, was a short-lived American gay magazine published by the Chicago- based Society for Human Rights (SHR), the first gay rights organization in the United States .

Foundation and appearance

Henry Gerber , founder of the Society for Human Rights, started the magazine as a newsletter that he typed on his typewriter. The purpose of this newsletter was to provide a discussion forum for gay men.

The first edition appeared in 1924, a second in 1925; further editions were not published due to a police raid. Friendship and Freedom was the first popular gay magazine in the United States. The title of the magazine, Friendship and Freedom , was a direct translation of the title of the German gay magazine Freundschaft und Freiheit .

Raid and setting

Gerber's room in a boarding house , the place where the Friendship and Freedom appeared , was raided by the Chicago police in July 1925 . All items related to the magazine were confiscated, including the entire existing edition, the typewriter and his personal diaries. Gerber was arrested and only released three days later; Press reports described the process with the headline "Bizarre Sex Cult Unmasked".

All confiscated copies of Friendship and Freedom would be permanently confiscated and destroyed by the police. As far as is known, no copy of the magazine has survived to this day. The American historian Jonathan Ned Katz was only able to provide proof of its appearance on the basis of a photograph that was published by Magnus Hirschfeld in 1927 and shows various homosexual magazines, including a copy of Friendship and Freedom from the archive of the Institute for Sexology .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Robert B. Marks Ridinger: Speaking for our lives: historic speeches and rhetoric for gay and lesbian rights (1892-2000) . Psychology Press, February 4, 2004, ISBN 978-1-56023-175-2 , p. 866 (accessed February 15, 2012).
  2. ^ A b Norman G. Kester: Liberating minds: the stories and professional lives of gay, lesbian, and bisexual librarians and their advocates . McFarland, 1997, ISBN 978-0-7864-0363-9 , p. 92 (accessed February 15, 2012).
  3. ^ A b David E. Newton: Gay and lesbian rights: a reference handbook . ABC-CLIO, October 27, 2009, ISBN 978-1-59884-306-4 , p. 7 (accessed February 15, 2012).
  4. ↑ a b Betsy Kuhn: Gay Power !: The Stonewall Riots and the Gay Rights Movement, 1969 . Twenty-First Century Books, January 1, 2011, ISBN 978-0-7613-5768-1 , p. 13 (Retrieved February 15, 2012).
  5. ^ A b Peter M. Nardi: Gay men's friendships: invincible communities . University of Chicago Press, July 15, 1999, ISBN 978-0-226-56843-0 , p.  32 (Accessed February 15, 2012).
  6. ↑ Sam Deaderick / Tamara Turner: Gay resistance: the hidden history . Red Letter Press, May 1997, ISBN 978-0-932323-03-3 , page  31 -32 (Accessed on February 15, 2012).
  7. ↑ a b Tracy Baim: Out and proud in Chicago: an overview of the city's gay community . Agate Publishing , September 1, 2008, ISBN 978-1-57284-100-0 , p. 34 (accessed February 15, 2012).
  8. ^ A b JoAnne Myers: The A to Z of the lesbian liberation movement: still the rage . Scarecrow Press, July 30, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8108-6811-3 , p. 8 (Accessed February 15, 2012).
  9. ^ David E. Newton: Sexual health: a reference handbook . ABC-CLIO, December 22, 2009, ISBN 978-1-59884-366-8 , p. 113 (accessed February 15, 2012).
  10. ^ Robert Deam Tobin: Warm brothers: queer theory and the age of Goethe . University of Pennsylvania Press, May 24, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8122-3544-9 , p. 201 (accessed February 15, 2012).
  11. ↑ Jim Kepner: Rough news, daring views: 1950s' pioneer gay press journalism . Psychology Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-7890-0140-5 , p. 8 (accessed February 15, 2012).
  12. ↑ Lisa Keen / Suzanne Beth Goldberg: Strangers to the Law: Gay People on Trial . University of Michigan Press, May 23, 2000, ISBN 978-0-472-08645-0 , p. 82, (accessed February 15, 2012).
  13. ↑ Lisa Keen / Suzanne Beth Goldberg: Strangers to the Law: Gay People on Trial . University of Michigan Press, May 23, 2000, ISBN 978-0-472-08645-0 , p. 82, (accessed February 15, 2012).
  14. ↑ Chad C. Heap: Slumming: sexual and racial encounters in American nightlife, 1885-1940 . University of Chicago Press, May 15, 2009, ISBN 978-0-226-32243-8 , p. 376, (accessed February 15, 2012).
  15. ↑ Magnus Hirschfeld and Richard Linsert: Die Homosexualität , in: Schidrowitz, Leo: Sittengeschichte des Vice. The cultural epochs and their passions. Vienna / Leipzig: Verlag für Kulturforschung 1927, pp. 253–318 (here p. 301).