Global public goods

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MCC -Definition of Global Common Goods

Global public goods ( English Global Public Goods , GPGs for short , also Global Commons ) are public goods that are not limited to national borders , but can be used worldwide.

definition

Public goods have the following characteristics:

  • Non-Excludability : Nobody can be excluded from the consumption of the global public good.
  • Non-rivalry : Pure public goods (e.g. national defense, climate protection) can be consumed at the same time by different individuals without disabilities. In the case of unclean public goods ( common goods , e.g. atmosphere with its pollution processes, public roads) this only applies to a limited extent.

In a broad definition, a public good is considered global as soon as its use or external effects associated with the use affect the population of different countries .

Kaul et al. a. introduced the term in 1999. They only defined those public goods as global , the use of which affects more than one group of states, while the use of regional public goods is restricted to a single group of states, and national public goods to one state. They also mentioned a socio-economic and a temporal dimension: For a purely global public good , the public consists of all of humanity, i.e. people from all countries and socio-economic population groups, including future generations. The fewer states, socio-economic groups and future people are affected, the more it is an impure global public good .

In practice the term is also used in a broader sense, i.e. This means that there is actually rivalry in use (actually global common good , global commons , unclean public good) or some are excluded from consumption ( club good ), but in a normative sense free and sustainable access is wanted for all. For example, global drinking water resources are often referred to as a public good. For natural resources is also occasionally from a global commons or (Global Commons) spoken.

Examples:

Global public goods concept

The concept of global public goods was drawn up by UNDP , and the discussion about it is largely led by UNDP Director of Development Studies Inge Kaul . The concept represents a frame of reference for the discussion about global environmental and development policy.

It calls for increased international cooperation so that GPGs, which were largely national public goods before the consequences of globalization , can continue to be made available and used to a greater extent. The UNDP hopes that this will improve the enforcement of public interests. Since GPGs are used globally, almost everyone benefits from better delivery of GPGs. There is also a connection between GPGs and positive market developments.

Nowadays, GPGs are financed from development funds from the Official Development Assistance (ODA) (approx. 30% of ODA is used to finance GPGs), which means that UNDP, like most areas, demands that to adapt to globalization, so the UNDP calls for additional funding of GPGs by all states, since usually everyone benefits from it. To this end, UNDP proposes the establishment of a budget for international cooperation, i. H. solving the GPGs funding from ODA money, which should better assert public interests.

Governments continue to be both divided and unclear about the exact definition and funding of GPGs. As a result, many states are currently skeptical of the concept, above all the USA , which broke down discussions about the concept at the 2002 UN conference on development finance. Since GPGs affect all states and thus all states have a say, it is generally considered difficult to find an agreement on this. UNDP calls for a political rethinking away from national public goods and towards global public goods, so that constructive debates arise in this area.

One of the main demands of the UNDP is a greater provision of ODA, so the OECD countries should at least meet their promise of 0.7% ODA based on GNI . The UNDP expects more prevention from this, as the ODA funds flow to developing countries, which are mostly political trouble spots, and local problems could become global in the event of degenerations, which would then be detrimental to everyone. An example would be that it would be better to invest in the social and economic development of a state and thus prevent problems than to bear the consequences of civil war and terror later , which has negative global effects, thus mostly affecting everyone negatively and usually more costly is than prevention.

A larger volume of ODA also means that, as before, only the GPGs that are important for powerful industrial nations are financed from the tight ODA budget.

The concept demands that polluters have to pay for the damage they have caused with regard to GPGs (e.g. environmental damage). If the polluters do not agree to do so, the UNDP considers it sensible if a global public good is in everyone's interest, so that all states should also pay for the damage settlement depending on their individual possibilities.

UNDP tries to make its concept more popular by pointing out that everyone is involved in GPGs, everyone benefits from it and therefore everyone should contribute to the funding of GPGs. Acceptance is to be further promoted by politicians in their regions explaining globalization to the citizens in an understandable way and thus making it tangible.

See also

literature

  • Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg and Marc A. Stern (Eds.): Global Public Goods . Published for the United Nations Development Program. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 1999, ISBN 0-19-513052-9 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Jens Marten and Roland Hain: Global public goods - future concept for international cooperation? Working paper. Ed .: Heinrich Böll Foundation and World Economy, Ecology & Development e. V. Bonn 2002, section 2. From the national to the global public good.
  2. ^ Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg and Marc A. Stern: Defining Global Public Goods . In: Inge Kauls, Isabelle Grunberg and Marc A. Stern (eds.): Global Public Goods . Published for the United Nations Development Program. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 1999, ISBN 0-19-513052-9 .