Cricket cockroaches
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| Crampton , 1915 |
The cricket cockroaches (Notoptera or Grylloblattodea) are an order of the insects and belong to the flight insects (Pterygota). In 1913, a representative of this order was first discovered by the Canadian entomologist Edmund Murton Walker . The more than twenty described recent species live in East Asia , Japan and North America and can be found there mainly in the mountains.
features
When Walker described the species found the year before as Grylloblatta campodeiformis in 1914 , he chose a generic name that is intended to indicate the morphological characteristics that the animal has in common with cockroaches (Blattodea) and with crickets (Gryllidae). The specific epithet has in the habit existing similarity with the Double cock genus of Campodea out.
The recent species of the cricket cockroaches are wingless and 10 to 30 mm long. Their body is only slightly sclerotic , colored yellow to brown and finely haired. The head with the biting and chewing mouth parts, which however have no chewing surfaces, is reminiscent of that of the earwigs (Dermaptera). Behind the mandibles sit the antennae , which consist of a large base member (scapus) and a 29- to 40-membered whip (flagellum) . The little developed compound eyes are made up of up to 60 individual eyes ( ommatidia ), but they can also be completely absent. Point eyes ( ocelles ) are not available. The ten-link abdomen ends in a pair of long, five- to nine-link abdomen threads, the cerci . A striking feature is the male's everted glandular sac on the underside of the first abdominal segment.
Way of life
The animals live on the ground under stones and in moss, but also on the edges of glaciers . They feed partly on plants, partly on other small animals and are extremely cold-loving - extremophile . They show their maximum activity at temperatures just above 0 ° C. Temperatures above 16 ° C are not tolerated, but a slow temperature drop to −6 ° C is possible. Because of this preference for the cold, the crickets are also called "ice crawlers" in the English- speaking world. The cold is also the reason for the animals' very long development cycle. After mating, in which the male is often eaten by the female ( cannibalism ), it takes about a year for the eggs to be laid. After another year, the larvae hatch from the large black eggs. These moult eight times in the following five years, with the first three moults taking place in the first year. The adult animals then live for another one to two years.
Systematics
In the case of the cricket cockroaches, there is no agreement on either the scientific name or the status of an order. Depending on the author, they are called Notoptera or Grylloblattodea. Some authors assume that the cricket cockroaches, then referred to as Grylloblattodea, are a sister group of the gladiator horror (Mantophasmatodea). In this case, both are considered as subordinate and combined to form the order Notoptera. Depending on whether an order or subordination is assumed for the status of the cricket cockroaches, a distinction is made between three subordinate orders or partial orders. There are also three families without classification and about a dozen genera without systematic classification (as of early 2009). By far most of the representatives are extinct and are only available in the form of fossils .
Internal systematics of the cricket cockroaches
- Subordination Grylloblattina
- Archiprobnidae †
- Bajanzhargalanidae †
- Blattogryllidae †
- Geinitziidae †
- Gorochoviidae †
- Grylloblattidae Walker 1914
- Havlatiidae † Kukalova 1964
- Ideliidae †
- Idelinellidae †
- Kortshakoliidae †
- Liomopteridae † Sellards 1909
- Madygenophlebiidae †
- Megakhosaridae †
- Mesorthopteridae †
- Neleidae †
- Permotermopsidae †
- Protoblattinidae † Meunier 1909
- Skaliciidae † Kukalova 1964
- Stegopteridae †
- Tomiidae †
- Tunguskapteridae †
- Subordination Lemmatophorina †
- Atactophlebiidae †
- Daldubidae †
- Euryptilonidae †
- Lemmatophoridae † Sellards 1909
- Pinideliidae † Storozhenko 1997
- Aliculidae †
- Camptoneuritidae †
- Chelopteridae † Carpenter 1950
- Demopteridae † Carpenter 1950
- Euremiscidae †
- Jabloniidae † Kukalova 1964
- Mesojabloniidae † Storozhenko 1992
- Oecanthoperlidae †
- Permembiidae †
- Probnidae † Sellards 1909
- Protembiidae †
- Protoperlidae †
- Raaschiidae † Beckemeyer 2004
- Sheimiidae †
- Sojanoraphidiidae †
- Sylvabestiidae †
- Sylvaphlebiidae †
- Sylvardembiidae †
- Tillyardembiidae †
- Tshekardominidae †
- Visheriferidae †
Families without assignment:
- Epideigmatidae † Handlirsch 1911
- ( Syn. = Paraphenopteridae Béthoux , Nel , Lapeyrie & Gand 2005)
- (Syn. = Phenopteridae Carpenter 1950)
- Juraperlidae † Huang , DY & Nel 2007
- Plesioblattogryllidae † Huang , DY , Nel & Petrulevicius 2008
Genera without assignment:
- Aibolitus †
- Gurianovella
- Lodevopterum † Béthoux , Nel , Lapeyrie & Gand , 2005
- Sigmophlebia † Béthoux & Beckemeyer , 2007
- Sylvaclinicus † Aristov , 2004
- Sylvamicropteron Aristov , 2004
- Sylvanonympha
- Termoides
- Tshekardites † Aristov , 2004
- Uralotermes † Zalessky , 1937
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d K. Günther, H.-J. Hannemann, F. Hieke, E. Königsmann & H. Schuman: Urania animal kingdom - insects. Urania-Verlag, Leipzig, Jena, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-332-00498-0
- ↑ Oliver Zompro: Inter- and Intraordinal relationship of the Mantophasmatodea, with comments on the phylogeny of polyneopteran orders (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Announcements from the Geological-Paleontological Institute of the University of Hamburg 89: 85–114, 2005
- ↑ Oliver Zompro: Mantophasmatodea - Gladiators in the Insect Kingdom , Arthropoda 16 (1) March 2008, Sungaya-Verlag Kiel. ISSN 0943-7274
- ↑ Antonio Arillo & Michael S. Engel: Rock crawlers in Baltic amber (Notoptera, Mantophasmatodea) , New York, 2006, American Museum of Natural History American Museum novitates, no.3539 ( online version )
- ^ David Eades: Polyneoptera Species File Online . Version 1.1 / 3.5. (accessed January 24, 2009)
literature
- Bernhard Klausnitzer: Notoptera (Grylloblattodea), cricket cockroaches. In Westheide, Rieger (Hrsg.): Special zoology part 1: single-cell and invertebrate animals. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena 1997; Pages 637-638.
