Short-winged grill

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Short-winged grill
Gryllodes sigillatus (Family Gryllidae) .jpg

Short-winged cricket ( Gryllodes sigillatus )

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Grasshoppers (Orthoptera)
Subordination : Long- probe horror (Ensifera)
Family : Real crickets (Gryllidae)
Genre : Gryllodes
Type : Short-winged grill
Scientific name
Gryllodes sigillatus
( Walker , 1869)
Stridulation sound of a short-winged cricket

The short-winged cricket ( Gryllodes sigillatus ), also known as the southern house cricket , tropical house cricket or ribbon cricket , is a long- feeler cricket from the family of real crickets (Gryllidae). It is a synanthropic species with an almost worldwide distribution.

features

The short-winged cricket is 13 to 18 millimeters in length, rarely up to 20 millimeters in body shape, but mostly somewhat smaller than the cricket ( Acheta domesticus ) with 16 to 20 millimeters in length. It is pale brown to sandy yellowish in basic color and has very short light hairs. The forehead almost always has a dark brown cross band between the eyes, often a series of several such bands or other brown colored areas. The pronotum is predominantly light colored, its rear edge is lined with darker brown, with the dark markings continuing to the front along the side edges. There is also a small brown spot on both sides of the top. The torso and thighs of the legs, like the abdomen, can also have various rows of brown spots. The wings are usually a little more strongly colored than the trunk, but usually not dark brown. In the female, the first tergite of the abdomen is usually noticeably darker than the rest.

As in a number of related species, the head of the short-winged cricket is conspicuously rounded at the front. The complex eyes protrude a little laterally from the head contour, there are three point eyes (ocelli). The pronotum is wider than it is long, with no pit or flattening in the posterior half. On the rails of the front legs, the eardrums of the tympanic organ sit only on the outside. The splints of the middle legs have four end spurs, those of the hind legs are a little shorter than the hind legs and subapical (near the end) they have five spurs inside and outside and three end spurs each. The formation of the wings varies according to the sexes. Males usually have forewings, which are trimmed at the back and slightly shortened and reach about the middle of the abdomen. The typical veining of the front wing section with the shrill strips acting as a stridulation organ and sound-amplifying fields (mirrors) is completely present. The front wings of the females are shortened like scales, they do not touch in the middle of the body. Rudimentary hind wings may or may not be present. As a variant, there are seldom fully winged animals in both sexes that are also capable of flying. The cerci on the abdomen are always very long, around half longer than the hind legs. The female wears a long, thin ovipositor protruding over the end of the abdomen , which is longer than the hind legs and is lanceolate at the end. It reaches approximately the same length as the cerci.

distribution

The species is distributed almost worldwide in tropical and subtropical latitudes, although it is assumed that this widespread distribution can be traced back to human transport. The species mostly lives in the direct environment of humans, in settlements and buildings (synanthropic). There is information from India, Pakistan, Russia, Japan, Australia, South Africa, and in North America from Mexico, Cuba and Florida. In South America, it is widespread in Colombia, including in forests, but generally rare. In North America, it has been able to significantly expand its area in the southwest and south, almost exclusively in cities, in the past few decades. Numerous breeders are involved in the spread, trading and breeding the species on a large scale, mostly as food for terrariums.

Findings of the species in Europe are mostly attributed to animals that have escaped from breeding, although the species is more restricted than the cricket to the direct human environment. Most settlements in temperate latitudes are short-lived introductions that quickly disappear on their own or populations in heated buildings. Nevertheless, the species was detected for a certain time in Germany, in the zoological gardens of Dresden and Leipzig and in Austria, at various locations in Vienna (including the zoological garden) and in Enns. Apparently there is only one single find from Switzerland from Zurich main station . In southern Rhineland-Palatinate, a small population has been confirmed outdoors for over five years.

Phylogeny and Taxonomy

The genus Gryllodes belongs in the classical system within the real crickets to the subfamily Gryllinae, tribe Modicogryllini. According to genetic data, their sister group relationship is unclear, the breakdown into subfamilies and tribes will probably have to be revised.

The taxonomy of the species is unclear and confused. The cosmopolitan species has been described in various regions under different names each new, are among the many synonyms Gryllolandrevus abyssinicus Bolivar 1922, Zaora bifasciata Walker in 1875, Scapsipedus fuscoirroratus Bolivar 1895, Homalogryllus indicus Bolivar 1899, Gryllus nanus Walker 1869 Gryllus poeyi Saussure 1874 , Gryllus pustulipes Walker 1869, Gryllodes subapterus Chopard 1912, Acheta tokyonis Okasaki 1926, Miogryllus transversalis Scudder 1901, Cophogryllus walked Saussure 1877.

The species name Gryllodes sigillatus was given by Francis Walker , as Gryllus sigillatus , in 1869, after an animal from Australia, the species was subsequently established by William Forsell Kirby as a type of the genus Gryllodes . As early as 1859, based on material from the island of Sri Lanka , Walker described a species of Gryllus supplicans whose relationship to Gryllodes sigillatus is unclear. the Swiss Lucien Chopard synonymized both species in 1967, but questioned this again in 1969 after new studies. The Canadian entomologists Keith and Douglas Keely Kevan then synonymized both under the (older and therefore priority) name Gryllodes supplicans . The species was then treated under this name in the specialist entomological literature for some time. In 2006, this synonymization was then contradicted by the renowned grasshopper expert Daniel Otte . According to Otte's view, Gryllodes sigillatus and Gryllodes supplicans are two different species that can be safely distinguished based on the shape of the male genitalia. However, Otte made a mistake in assigning the examined material that casts his conclusion into doubt. In addition to the male studied (the only known male of Gryllodes supplicans to date , if the separate species are maintained), there is still female type material. Mostly the two species were and are distinguished by the fact that Gryllodes sigillatus is short-winged (brachypter), while Gryllodes supplicans would have fully developed wings (macropter). A differentiation according to this characteristic has become doubtful because it was possible to breed long-winged Gryllodes sigillatus from short-winged parent animals through suitable environmental conditions .

In the Orthoptera Species File online (as of June 2019) both species and the (dubious, after the first description never found) species Gryllodes flavispina Saussure, 1877 for the genus Gryllodes, are listed so that there would be no synonymy. However, this is viewed with skepticism by other researchers. It may be the only species in the genus.

use

Like the better-known, related Grillenart crickets will rove crickets as feed insects as well as edible insects bred and used. The species is traded worldwide, although it is increasingly used after the breeding of the cricket fell sharply due to a viral disease. However, it is less widespread in the animal feed trade than species of the genus Gryllus .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Laure Desutter-Grandcolas & Jérémy Anso (2016): Crickets of New Caledonia (Insecta, Orthoptera, Grylloidea): a key to genera, with diagnoses of extant genera and descriptions of new taxa. Zoosystema 38 (4): 405-452. doi: 10.5252 / z2016n4a1
  2. ^ Daniel Otte & Richard D. Alexander: The Australian Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Monograph 22, 1983. 477 pages, pp. 160-162.
  3. ^ Kurt Harz: Die Orthopteren Europe. Volume I. Dr. Junk NV, The Hague 1969. 749 pages. Page 680–681.
  4. ^ A b Oscar J. Cadena-Castañeda (2011): A new genus of cricket near to Miogryllus and Kazuemba from the Colombian Atlantic coast and the first report of Gryllodes sigillatus from Colombia (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae: Modicogryllini). Zootaxa 3126: 55-61.
  5. ^ Robert L. Smith & William B. Thomas (1988): Southwestern Distribution and Habitat Ecology of Gryllodes supplicans. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 34: 186-190.
  6. ^ A b David P. Weissmann, David A. Gray, Hanh Thi Pham, Peter Tijssen (2012): Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster. Zootaxa 3504: 67-88.
  7. ↑ Dietmar Klaus & Danilo Matzke: grasshoppers, catching horrors, cockroaches and catchy tunes. Red list and species list of Saxony. published by the Free State of Saxony, State Office for the Environment, Agriculture and Geology. 36 pages.
  8. ↑ Thomas Zuna-Kratky, Armin Landmann, Inge Illich, Lisbeth Zechner, Franz Essl, Kurt Lechner, Alois Ortner, Werner Weißmair, Günther Wöss: Die Heuschrecken Österreichs. Special Section: Ensifera, on pages 472–473. download
  9. ↑ Holger Buschmann & Thomas Becker (2004): Height distribution of grasshoppers (Orthoptera) in the Swiss Alps. Articulata 19 (1): 19-42.
  10. ↑ Ansgar van Elst and Tom Schulte (1995): Field finds of the southern cricket, Tartarogryllus burdigalensis (Latr., 1804) and the 'Exotic cricket', Gryllodes sigillatus (Walk., 1869) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in southern Rhineland-Palatinate. Articulata 10 (2): 185-191.
  11. ↑ Ioana C. Chintauan-Marquier, Frederic Legendre, Sylvain Hugel, Tony Robillard, Philippe Grandcolas, Andre Nel, Dario Zuccon, Laure Desutter-Grandcolas (2016): Laying the foundations of evolutionary and systematic studies in crickets (Insecta, Orthoptera): a multilocus phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 32: 54-81. doi: 10.1111 / cla.12114
  12. ^ A b Daniel Otte (2006): Gryllodes sigillatus (Walker) Is a Valid Species Distinct from Gryllodes supplicans (Walker). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 132 (1/2): 223-227.
  13. ^ Daniel Otte (2009): Caribbean Crickets by D. Otte and D. Perez-Gelabert: Corrections and Synonymies and a Note on the Type of Gryllodes greeni Chopard (Orthoptera: Grylloidea). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 135 (4): 487-491.
  14. ^ RB Toms (1993): More winged females of the cricket Gryllodes supplicans (Walker). South African Journal of Zoology, 28 (2): 122-124 doi: 10.1080 / 02541858.1993.11448304
  15. ↑ genus Gryllodes Saussure, 1874. Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0 / 5.0)
  16. ↑ Mittelbayerische / Tobias Hanraths (May 10, 2018): Insects on the plate .