Hüdavendigar Mosque

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Hüdavendigar Mosque

The Hüdavendigar Mosque ( Hüdâvendigâr Cami or Murat Hüdâvendigâr Cami ) is a late 14th century Ottoman mosque in Bursa , Turkey . It is part of a larger building complex ( Külliye ) , built 1365-1385 by Sultan Murad I , whose nickname " Ḫüdāvendigār " ("Lord of the World") it bears. It was rebuilt in 1855 after an earthquake. The mosque, together with other buildings in Bursa, is part of the UNESCO World Heritage in Turkey .

architecture

The blueprint of the mosque shaped the style of the classic inverted T-plan of the "Bursa type"; the Külliye consists of a school ( medrese ) , a dervish lodge (zaviye) , a mausoleum ( Türbe ) , fountain ( Şadırvan ) , soup kitchen ( imaret ) , bath ( hamam ) and an elementary school for boys (sibyan mektebi) . In a room arrangement typical of the later Ottoman architecture, both the prayer hall and the zaviye can be found on the ground floor of the main building; the medrese occupies the upper floor.

Layout

The entrance leads into a vestibule with stairs leading upwards. On both sides there are side rooms that probably served as storage. Another vestibule, at the same time the northern ivan , has 5.5 x 6.5 m large chambers on both sides, which originally had chimneys. From the north Iwan you enter the courtyard, which is vaulted by an 11 m diameter pendentive dome. This was rebuilt after the earthquake of 1855; Inside, 16 consoles still mark the position of the original dome. In the middle of the courtyard is the Şadirvan, two barrel-vaulted ivans open to the west and east . Four steps lead into the prayer hall, at the same level as this there are further side rooms next to the courtyard. The prayer hall itself is barrel vaulted on a rectangular floor plan. This arrangement of two rooms at different heights also later became typical of Ottoman architecture. The mihrab niche is recessed under a round arch that supports the storey above. The upper floor is characterized by stucco decorations in the dome and vaults. In the middle between the two stairs is a large room, perhaps the former school, to the side of the stairs are two corridors with doors leading into two cells each. The corridors lead to a C-shaped, barrel-vaulted corridor that connects eight cells on each side, where students probably used to live. The corridors continue in corridors only 1 m wide, which lead to the south around a corner into an octagonal room above the mihrab niche in the basement. This room is in turn domed, the dome disappears from the outside under the roof structure, only the crowning crescent is still visible from the outside. A small window opens inward into the prayer hall. Goodwin therefore considers this room to be the sultan's prayer room, since the mosque does not have a sultan's lodge (mahfil) , as is usually the case .

facade

In the masonry, three layers of brick alternate with one layer of quarry stone and subdivide the masonry by color. The north facade has a five-arched Son cemaat yeri (portico) with five concealed domes on the ground floor . With the open arcade gallery above, both floors are connected to form a uniform facade. The gallery has cross vaults at both ends, the three middle sections are domed. The central dome visibly towers over the side dome, which is hidden under the roof structure. Massive pillars support pointed blind arches. These are divided by two further open pointed arches resting in the middle on columns and capitals made of Byzantine spolia . The minaret protrudes somewhat clumsily from the north-west corner of the gallery; Goodwin thinks it is a later addition. An arcade of five flat blind arches below the roof connects the portico with the walls of the zaviyye and the ivans. Under the roof of the madrasah, the blind arches are four times wider and indicate the position of the eight lateral cells on the inside. Along the outer wall of the prayer hall, the arches shrink back to their initial span, until the octagonal space above the mihrab niche cuts through the arcades and the roof line. The square base from which the dome rises has two rows of blind arches one above the other. With this facade design, the structurally and functionally independent individual areas of the building are optically connected to form a whole.

meaning

Aslanapa compared the monumental facade design of the Hüdavendigar Mosque with Venetian palazzi. Since only a few windows break through the facade, the building appears massive on the outside and gloomy on the inside. The recessed mihrab niche under a round arch is the first known example of an apse in Ottoman architecture. The structural combination of mosque and medrese buildings is known from Seljuk architecture. However, the location of the madrasah on the upper floor of the building is unusual and may have been the result of a compromise between the Sultan and Islamic scholarship .

Web links

Commons : Hüdavendigar Mosque  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

See also

literature

  • Oktay Aslanapa: Turkish art and architecture . Faber & Faber, London Faber & Faber 1971, ISBN 978-0-571-08781-5 , pp. 195 .
  • Gabriel, A., Une capitale turque, Brousse, Bursa, t. I (texte), Paris: E. de Boccard, 1958, pp. 55-63.
  • Godfrey Goodwin: A history of Ottoman architecture. First edition 1971 . The Johns Hopkins Press, Thames and Hudson, Baltimore 1987, ISBN 978-0-500-27429-3 , pp. 215-239 .
  • Aptullah Kuran: The mosque in early ottoman architecture. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1968, pp. 102-104. online , accessed September 22, 2016.

Individual evidence

  1. a b c Oktay Aslanapa : Turkish art and architecture . Faber & Faber, London Faber & Faber 1971, ISBN 978-0-571-08781-5 , pp. 195 .
  2. ^ A b Godfrey Goodwin: A History of Ottoman Architecture . Thames and Hudson, London 1971, ISBN 0-500-27429-0 , pp. 40-42 .