Hasideans

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The Hasideans (from ancient Greek Ἁσιδαῖοι Hasidaioi to Hebrew חָסִיד Hasid , German , Frommer , plural חֲסִידיִם ḥǎsîdîm , Pious' ( 'Hasidim')), also Hasidim (see. Asidaioi , the Greek debate without alcohol , and Latin Asidei ) or Hasidim (not to be confused with the Hasidim other time periods ), formed a community in Judaism in the 2nd century BC. Chr., Who distanced himself from the Hellenophile Zeitgeist and was characterized by her special piety.

swell

The Hasideans are mentioned three times in the 1st and 2nd books of the Maccabees . In 1 Makk 2,42  EU there is talk of the "community of Hasideans" ( ancient Greek συναγωγὴ Ἁσιδαίων synagogē hasidaíōn ) who joined the uprising movement of Mattatias at the time of Antiochus IV . They are referred to as "brave men of Israel" and loyal to the Torah . In 1 Makk 7,13  EU , where the Hasideans are closely associated with “scribes” ( 1 Makk 7,12  EU ), it is reported that during the renewed battles at the beginning of the reign of Demetrios (161 BC). ) accepted an offer of peace by the high priest Alkimos and thus distanced themselves from the Maccabees . However, this turned out to be a serious mistake, since Alkimos had 60 Hasideans arrested and executed ( 1 Makk 7.16  EU ). This is interpreted by the author of the 1st Book of Maccabees as the fulfillment of Ps 79 : 2–3  EU , through the quote ( 1 Makk 7:17  EU ): “They scattered the corpses of your upright people around Jerusalem and they shed their blood and no one buried them. ”In the Hebrew text of the Psalm, the term ḥāsîd is used at this point for the pious , from which the term 'Hasidean' is derived. In the lost original Hebrew version of the 1st Book of Maccabees, this allusion should have been immediately understandable.

While the Hasideans are distinguished from the Maccabees in the 1st Book of Maccabees, Judas Maccabeus appears in 2 Makk 14.6  EU - in the mouth of Alkimos - as the leader of the Hasideans; these therefore formed "the spiritual center and the actual motor of the Maccabeic uprising, of which Judas, the Maccabees, was the politico-military leader". Possibly the author of the 2nd Book of Maccabees took this representation from the work of Jason of Cyrene (cf. 2 Maccles 2: 19–32  EU ).

classification

In research it is controversial how the Hasideans related to other Jewish groups of the 3rd – 1st centuries. Century BC Chr. Stood. Ernst Haag draws a connection to the "understanding" ( Hebrew מַסכִּילִים maskîlîm ), which in Dan 11,33  EU u.ö. and in which he sees the "bearers of the biblical Daniel tradition ". The Hasideans are not identical with them, but "the descendants of these wisdom-trained scribes ". On the other hand, a relationship with those who had withdrawn into the desert after 1 Makk 2 : 29–38  EU to escape the religious-political coercive measures of Antiochus suggests itself . Werner Dommershausen sees the Hasideans as a well-defined community, which he describes as the direct "forerunners of the Essenes, including the Qumran community and the Pharisee party ". John Kampen is more reserved in the classification. Neither in the Book of Daniel nor in the Qumran texts does a grouping of Ḥǎsîdîm (or Ḥǎsîdajja , as the Aramaic equivalent should be called) emerge, and there is no relationship whatsoever with the miracle workers of the early rabbinical period called Ḥǎsîd such as Choni the circler or Chanina ben Dosa . On the other hand, since the use of Hebrew loanwords was only common for proper names or technical terms that were difficult to translate, the 'Hasideans' of the Maccabees must have been a fixed group name.

literature

  • Ernst Haag: The Hellenistic Age. Israel and the Bible in the 4th to 1st centuries BC Chr. , Biblische Enzyklopädie 9, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2003. ISBN 3-17-012338-6 , pp. 80-87.
  • John Kampen: The Hasideans and the Origin of Pharisaism. A Study in 1 and 2 Maccabees , Scholars Press, Atlanta 1988, ISBN 1-55540-284-4 .
  • John Kampen:  Hasid, Hasidism II. A. Second Temple and Hellenistic Judaism . In: Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception (EBR). Volume 11, de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2015, ISBN 978-3-11-031328-4 , Sp. 355–357.

supporting documents

  1. ↑ Ernst Haag: The Hellenistic Age. Israel and the Bible in the 4th to 1st centuries BC Chr. , Biblische Enzyklopädie 9, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2003. ISBN 3-17-012338-6 , p. 82.
  2. ↑ Christian Habicht: 2. Book of Maccabees , Jewish writings from the Hellenistic-Roman period I, 3, Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 1976, pp. 167–285 (here p. 271).
  3. ↑ Ernst Haag: The Hellenistic Age. Israel and the Bible in the 4th to 1st centuries BC Chr. , Biblische Enzyklopädie 9, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2003. ISBN 3-17-012338-6 , p. 86.
  4. ↑ Werner Dommershausen: 1 Maccabees - 2 Maccabees , Neue Echter Bibel, Echter Verlag, Würzburg 1980, p. 25.
  5. ↑ John Kampen:  Hasid, Hasidism II. A. Second Temple and Hellenistic Judaism . In: Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception (EBR). Volume 11, de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2015, ISBN 978-3-11-031328-4 , Sp. 352–359.