Alcohol asper
|
◌̔
|
|
|---|---|
| Diacritical marks | |
| designation | character |
| Acute, simple | ◌́ |
| Acute, double | ◌̋ |
| Breve, about it | ◌̆ |
| Breve, including | ◌̮ |
| Cedilla, including | ◌̧ |
| Cedilla, about it | ◌̒ |
| Gravis, simple | ◌̀ |
| Gravis, double | ◌̏ |
| hook | ◌̉ |
| Hatschek | ◌̌ |
| horn | ◌̛ |
| Comma below | ◌̦ |
| Coronis | ◌̓ |
| Kroužek, about it | ◌̊ |
| Kroužek, including | ◌̥ |
| Macron, about it | ◌̄ |
| Macron, underneath | ◌̱ |
| Ogonek | ◌̨ |
| Period about that | ◌̇ |
| Point below | ◌̣ |
| Dash | ◌̶ |
|
diacritical slash |
◌̷ |
| Alcohol asper | ◌̔ |
| Spiritus lenis | ◌̕ |
| Tilde, about it | ◌̃ |
| Tilde, underneath | ◌̰ |
| Trema, about it | ◌̈ |
| Trema, including | ◌̤ |
| circumflex | ◌̂ |
The alcohol asper ( latin for "rough aspirate"; ancient Greek πνεῦμα δασύ pneuma Dasy or δασὺ πνεῦμα Dasy pneuma , also δασεῖα προσῳδία daseĩa prosodia ; Neugriechisch δασεία dasia ; Latin spirit asper , also dasia ; German: rough touch mark) is an in Ancient Greek script used a diacritical mark that indicates that a vowel is being aspirated, i.e. pronounced 'with breath' (preceded by an “h”).
- Typographic characters with letters:
- ἁ - ἑ - ἡ - ἱ - ὁ - ὑ - ὡ - ῥ
- Ἁ - Ἑ - Ἡ - Ἱ - Ὁ - Ὑ - Ὡ - Ῥ
The Spiritus asper looks like a very small C and stands above the initial vowel - or above the second vowel of an initial diphthong - in a word that starts with an H when pronounced. In the case of capitalized vowels, like all Greek diacritical marks, it appears to the left instead of above it. Every ancient Greek word beginning with a vowel letter is given either the Spiritus asper or the Spiritus lenis . With the exception of a few onomatopoeia, words beginning with Ypsilon always carry the spiritus asper, with all other vowels both occur.
In the German transcription of the word, as well as in Latin and most other languages with Latin script (except Italian), an H appears at the beginning of the word. Homer, hygiene, hysteria all begin in the Greek script with the vowel letter, which in ancient Greek each has a spiritus asper ( Ὅμηρος, ὑγιείνη, ὑστερία ).
If the spiritus asper is on the same vowel with an accent , then it is, like the spiritus lenis, to the left of an acute or grave , but under a circumflex .
The Rho , the Greek R, is the only Greek consonant to have the Spiritus asper at the beginning of the word. In the transcription this appears as rh . ( Rhodes Ῥόδος ). A double spirit can stand above a Greek double rho in the middle of a word, namely a spiritus lenis above the first rho , and a spiritus asper above the second; in the transcription one then writes rrh ( Pyrrhos Πύῤῥος or Πύρρος). However, this is essentially a Western academic tradition that is also becoming less important in today's classics. In ancient Greek texts printed in Greece there is usually no spirit over a rho.
The Spiritus-Asper-Sign - unlike the Spiritus-Lenis-Sign (which is then the Koronis ) - can never appear over vowels in the word interior.
In modern Greek , which has lost the H-sound at the beginning of the word, the spirit signs, which cause students to study, were officially abolished in 1982 (with the introduction of monotonic orthography ); however, they are still used by some conservative newspapers and publishers, the Church, and especially that segment of the population who learned to write before 1982.