House Hagenbeck

Part of the castle ruins

Haus Hagenbeck is the ruin of a former knight's seat in Dorsten . It is located on the north bank of the Lippe in the southwest of the district of Holsterhausen .

Place name and administrative history

"Hagenbeke" is first documented around 1150 in the land register of the Benedictine abbey Werden ad Ruhr with the possession of two farms. The name refers to the spin-off of a Schultenhof, Oberhof of the Counts of Dahle, from the Common Mark at Lippe and Bieberbach (later Mühlenbach). The farmers named after the farm belonged to the parish of Hervest in the 12th century. After the chapel in the village of Holsterhausen was raised to the status of an independent parish (1443), the parish name replaced the name Hagenbeck, which has since been restricted to the knight's seat, later the manor district (from 1734). The Prussian community Holsterhausen (1815-1943) was incorporated into the town of Dorsten and since 1975 has formed the district of Holsterhausen together with the Emmelkamp farmers north of Hagenbeck / Holsterhausen. The coat of arms of the House of Hagenbeck (1351), three rings in a ratio of 2: 1, became the municipal coat of arms of Holsterhausen.

The Knights of Hagenbeck

As a member of a noble family, "Gerhardus de Hagenbeck", a witness on the occasion of a transfer of goods to the Marienborn monastery , is mentioned for the first time in 1217 . In the 14th century, the documentary tradition becomes rich, especially in documents of the bishop of Münster, miners and knights of Hagenbeck appear as witnesses in numerous contracts. In addition to their local property, the knights are endowed with spiritual fiefs from the monasteries Werden and Marienborn in the “Herrlichkeit Lembeck” and with Münster spiritual fiefs in the wider diocese of Münster. In 1315 (June 23) the brothers Everhard and Tillmann von Hagenbeck, in agreement with their heirs, sell Hagenbeck Castle for 150 Marks Münster denarii to Bishop Ludwig von Münster as an "open house". The rights of use of the bishop mentioned in the contract (fixed place, administrative seat and building rights) were never exercised later. - The Hagenbeck knights were ministerials to the bishops of Munster.

The castle

Hagenbeck Castle was located on a Lippefurt at the southwestern border point of the Duchy of Münster , to the west bordered the county of Kleve and south of the Lippe the Electoral Cologne Vest Recklinghausen . The border situation became more topical when in 1322 Münster and Cologne signed the treaty on the Lippe as the border of their territories and the Counts of Kleve sought active and successful territorial expansion on the right bank of the Rhine from the 1330s. The treaty of 1315 and later inheritance treaties give information about the buildings and fortifications of the castle, about the owners and property. The castle with outer bailey and ditches is located in a former Lippe meander on the island terrace. Strong floods reached the castle grounds. Nearby was a Lippefurt, which lost its importance due to the bridge near the town of Dorsten. The extensive castle area was fortified with ramparts and moats. The castle was always a family castle until 1410, in which two von Hagenbeck families had separate houses. The original hill castles ("moths") in the island terrace were replaced by new houses after 1338.

The politics of the Ritter von Hagenbeck

The line of "Johan de olde" († before March 16, 1364) aligned its policy according to the tradition to the duchy of Münster, while his nephew "Johan de jonge" († before June 25, 1383) to the west, the Count of Kleve turned to. In 1338 Johan de Jonge transferred his share of the castle to Count Dietrich von Kleve as an open house, except against the Bishop of Munster; the count also received the wood county in the Emmelkämper Mark and the fishing rights in the oxbow lakes of the Lippe. Johan de jonge got these rights back as a man's fief. Johan de jonge von Hagenbeck called Count Dietrich von Kleve and later his successor Count Johann (1347–1368) "his dear master". Johan de jonge became the count's feudal man and fell away from the bishop of Münster. Johan de jonge was involved in the war against Duke Rainald II of Geldern as early as 1340. The duke sent his soldiers against Hagenbeck Castle. For the damage caused, Johan de olde, as the uninvolved co-owner, is compensated with 80 marks and is contractually obliged to make the castle available to the Duke of Geldern as an open house for the duration of the war and to prevent his nephew from using it against the Duke. Between 1354 and 1365 Johan de Jonge worked as bailiff of the Klever Amt [Neu-] Schermbeck. Johan de Jonge was also involved in the war of the Geldr Succession, with the decisive battle on May 25, 1361, as a member of the Münster nobility that reneged from the Bishop of Münster Adolf . The brother of the bishop, Count Engelbert III. of the marrow , fight the unfaithful. Resolutions against Johan de jonge were passed as early as July 1361, and in the following war, Hagenbeck Castle was besieged in March 1362. Johan de jonge loses his shares in the castle and lordship, which on May 31, 1362 are transferred to Wessel, the son of Johan de olde, as a hereditary castle loan. Johan de jonge, however, sued the ministerial court in Lembeck for his property rights, and in 1373 the settlement was concluded by contract between the two Hagenbeck lines.

Acquisition of ownership and the establishment of the village of Holsterhausen

The local property of the House of Hagenbeck included the castle and allodial lands north of the Lippe between Hohenkamp and Schermbeck (from Werth to Loh approx. 2.5 km in the OW and 1.5 km in the NS direction). The castle also included the manorial rule in the Hagenbeck farmers' community (later the parish of Holsterhausen). The Kreskenhof belonged to this as a fishing yard for the use of fishing rights in the Lippe. In the Emmelkämper Mark, in which the Hagenbeckers held the trade mark judge's office, they operated a quarry which they leased to the city of Dorsten. This resulted in u. a. the stones for the large buildings of the city (ring wall and church), but also for the new building of the Hagenbeck house. There is also another extensive fiefdom. Johan de jonge acquired a. a. further Kämpe an der Lippe from the house of Gahlen and rights in the Hünxer Mark and in the parish of Hünxe from Johan van den Berghe. With that he took over the possession of the knights van den Berghe and penetrated into the Klever territory. In 1350 he bought seven self-owned from Sweder von Ringenberg and another 10 self-owned before the court in Wesel. The settlement of these workers is the village of Holsterhausen, which was founded in 1350. - In contrast to “Holzhausen”, there are only three “Holsterhausen” (woodworkers' settlements) in Germany: Dorsten-, Essen- and Herne-Holsterhausen, all in the area of Klever rulers and near the rivers Lippe, Emscher and Ruhr the purpose of supplying wood to the Lower Rhine.- The acquisitions are opposed by the division of inheritance, which in two lines with several heirs of each generation caused considerable financial burdens. Despite sales and pledges, etc. a. to the city of Dorsten, the property could usually be reunited. However, towards the end of the 14th century, when many small knight families perished, this was no longer possible. In particular, the successors of Johans de jonges separated from their Hagenbeck possessions.

Branch lines of the Hagenbecker

There were several branch lines of the Hagenbecker, z. Some of the older lines on the ancestral castle survived. For example, in 1301 two brothers became owners of Sythen Castle, which remained in the possession of the Hagenbeckers until 1450. Tilmann was mayor of the Lehnshof Nünning of the women's monastery in Essen (until 1342), and a Johann von Hagenbek was enfeoffed in 1375 by the Archbishop of Cologne with goods in Binsheim (Lordship of Moers). Bernd von Hagenbeck was part of the archbishop's war against Bernt von Strünkede and was compensated in 1410. 1444 is a Johann von Hagenbeck spiritual rector. A Hagenbeck family has been based in Reval since 1415. Dietrich stands out in particular: in 1457 as brother of the Blackheads, in 1467 as councilor, and in 1479 as mayor. The Dietrich brothers are Hans and Thomas (1483). Two sisters are married in Duisburg. As late as 1491, Claus is attested in Reval.

The successor to Haus Hagenbeck

Heyden's house

The male line of succession expired at the Hagenbeck house with the death of Wessel von Hagenbeck (son of Johan de olde, † before 1403). With the heiress Woltera (Woltharda) the castle passed to the house of Heiden. Wennemar d. Elderly († 1448), married to Woltera since 1404, enfeoffed by the bishop in 1410, was able to regain the lost possessions from both lines. He founded the Holsterhausen parish, which Bishop Heinrich II granted the rights to on August 21, 1443. House Hagenbeck had the patronage. Wennemar built the Hagenbeck mill, for which mills were compulsory in Holsterhausen. At times there was a ferry across the Lippe to replace the older ford. In 1488 the Heyden house was involved in the founding of the Franciscan monastery in the town of Dorsten. The Spanish incursion during the war against the Netherlands in 1587 caused considerable damage to the castle and the village. In 1620 the castle was in serious decline. Lubbert, Heyden's last man on Hagenbeck, cannot raise the funds for the repairs. His heir Cordula Margareta Magdalena is married to the Baron Lothar von Metternich, electoral councilor and bailiff of Montabaur.

Velen's house

After disputes over inheritance between the relatives of von Heyden, von Metternich and von Vehlen, Frau von Metternich was compensated with 38,000 Reichstalers and after her death in 1642 the property went to Alexander II of Velen . As General Feldzeugmeister, he was involved in the siege of the Hessian-occupied Dorsten fortress by the imperial troops in the summer of 1641 and was based in the Hagenbeck zoo. The general known as "Westphalian Wallenstein" was raised to hereditary count in 1641. He began restoring and modernizing the castle in 1645. This third system followed the usual type of three-wing main castle with outer bailey. Ramparts and moats formed a slightly trapezoidal rectangle with the external dimensions NS approx. 160 m, 0-W approx. 100 m. The inner area was 82 × 40 m. Even before Alexander's death († 1675), his son had been secretly selling parts of the expected inheritance to the Westerholt family in Lembeck since 1661. The heir lived as an officer at the imperial court in Vienna from 1664. When the father died (1675) the entire inheritance was wasted. With reference to the reserved buyback right, the grandson Alexander Otto Graf von Velen bought back Haus Hagenbeck at short notice. In 1734, Hagenbeck finally passed into the possession of Baron Ferdinand von Merveldt, who, as a result of his marriage to the heir to the family from Westerholt-Lembeck, had been the owner of Schloss und Herrlichkeit Lembeck since 1708.

Afterlife

The already badly damaged castle - whether due to an explosion and fire or flood effects of the Lippe is controversial - was not restored because it had become inoperable. The property was operated as an agricultural estate, and the outer bailey was repaired for this purpose. Therefore only the gate and a chapel from the castle era have survived, the former castle only in ruins. The landowner von Hagenbeck had the right of representation in the provincial parliament (1823-1875) during the Prussian period. In 1909 Hagenbeck was sold. Large parts of the land were used for early industrialization, particularly for the Baldur colliery. The Dorsten magistrate Thomas bought the remnants. Since the late 20th century, additional areas have been used for the settlement and construction of the A31 motorway to the east. The bearers of the family name Hagenbeck can be traced back to the knightly family. With the establishment of civil professions, the nobility was given up. The most famous branch of the zoo and circus is the Hagenbeck family in Hamburg. The "Hagenbeck-Verbond" in the Netherlands maintains the family tradition. In the “Holsterhauser Feld” and at the Kreskenhof numerous Roman marching camps from the years 11 before to 16 AD have been discovered since 1952.

Sources (selection of the most important)

Graflich Landsbergisches Archiv Hagenbeck, Dep. in the State Archives Münster
Kötzschke, Rudolf, Rheinische Urbare 2. The register of the Abbey of Werden ad Ruhr. A. The land register from 9. – 13. Century. Publications of the Society for Rheinische Geschichtskunde XX., Bonn 1906
That. : Rheinische Urbare 3, Urbare of the Abbey of Werden adRuhr. B. Stock books, lifting and interest registers from 14. – 17. Century, Bonn 1917
Lacomblet, Th. Jos., Document books for the history of the Lower Rhine, III. Vol., Düsseldorf 1853
Westphalian document book, volume 8, documents of the diocese of Münster from 1301 - 1325, edited by R. Krumbholtz, Münster 1908

literature

Adalbert Friedrich: When Gut Hagenbeck was still a stately castle. In: Local calendar of glory Lembeck and the city of Dorsten. 61st year, 2002, p. 130 ff.
Richard Klapheck : The palace buildings of Raesfeld and Honstorff and the 17th century mansions of the Maastal brick architecture. Heimatverlag, Dortmund 1922, p. 36.
Karl Emerich Krämer : House Hagenbeck. In: Castle tour through the Münsterland. Wolfgang Schwarze Verlag, Düsseldorf 1975, pp. 99-101.
Kaspar Laukemper: History of Hagenbeck Castle. In: Home calendar for the glory Lembeck. 6th year, 1930, pp. 74–76.
Franz Schuknecht: rise and fall of the knights of Hagenbeck . In: Local calendar of glory Lembeck and the city of Dorsten . 68th year, 2009, p. 131 ff.
Wilhelm Stahlhacke: Hagenbeck. An area of interesting fortification and security systems. In: Home calendar of glory Lembeck. 41st year, 1982, pp. 51-60.
Wilhelm Stahlhacke: House Hagenbeck in the 17th century. In: Local calendar of glory Lembeck and the city of Dorsten. 60th year, 2001, pp. 118–119.

Web links

51.667738888889 6.9138555555556Coordinates: 51 ° 40 ′ 3.9 " N , 6 ° 54 ′ 49.9" E