Hayato (people)
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The Hayato ( Japanese 隼 人 'falcon people' ) were a people who lived in ancient Japan in the Kagoshima Prefecture and other parts of Kyushu until the late Nara period . They were incorporated into the Yamato Empire at the end of the Nara period and were absorbed by the Japanese population . Some of them were brought to Nara to teach the imperial workers their handicrafts.
Culture
The Hayato language has only survived in a few fragments (two words and a handful of personal names) and has been associated with the Austronesian languages . The culture of the Hayato is similar to today's Japanese culture, with the difference that they used some rituals from Taiwan . They used shields in their art of war and were skilled seafarers. They are also known for their handicrafts and played an important role in many areas of Japanese culture. After a while, the Hayato culture was seen as an integral part of Japan and became part of the Yamato itself.
The Kami Umisachi-hiko (海佐 知 毘 古, 海 幸 彦, happiness of the sea), also Hoderi / Honosusori (火 照 [命], "flame dance"), is considered the ancestor god of Hayato and is still venerated in Shinto shrines today.
history
Due to their own culture and language, they initially successfully resisted Yamato rule. After a while the drive for independence slackened and they became part of the Yamato Empire under the Ritsuryo legal system. The Yamato Japanese respected the dances, rituals, and handicrafts of the Hayato, and they were given a relatively high social rank. Furthermore, the imperial government declared that the Hayato and their language had a "brotherly relationship" to the Japanese and granted them the same rights as the Yamato-Japanese themselves. Over time, they merged with the Yamato and formed the current population of Kyūshū .
Many Hayato were named samurai because of their martial skills or became part of an elite guard for the imperial family. The Hayato appear relatively often in stories and legends, which reflects their high and special status in ancient Japan.
Origin and relationship
The Hayato are closely related to other Austronesian peoples. They particularly show close kinship with Taiwanese and some people on the southeastern coast of China. Furthermore, they are closely related to today's Japanese. Genetic analyzes show that the Hayato apparently also settled on the coast of South Korea and lived there and were assimilated there before the Koreans.
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ William George Aston : Nihongi: chronicles of Japan from the earliest times to AD 697. Book II, Tuttle Publishing, 2005, ISBN 0-8048-3674-4 , p. 100, note 1.
- ↑ Fumio Kakubayashi. 1998. 隼 人: オ ー ス ト ロ ネ シ ア 系 の 古代 日本 部族 ' Hayato: An Austronesian speaking tribe in southern Japan. In: The bulletin of the Institute for Japanese Culture. Kyoto Sangyo University, 3, pp. 15-31 ISSN 1341-7207
- ↑ The Nihon Shoki records that in the court of Emperor Tenmu, in the late 7th century, the Hayato performed sumo in the court, but it is not described as different from the sumo of the Yamato themselves. In 682, the Ōsumi Hayato and Ata Hayato competed in sumo and the Ōsumi side won, and in 695 a bout of sumo between Hayato on the grounds of Asuka-dera drew a crowd of spectators.
- ↑ Haruo Sasayama:古代 国家 と 軍隊 皇軍 と 私 兵 の 系譜[ The Nation and Army in Ancient Times: Genealogies of the Imperial and Private Armies. ] 1975 (Japanese) 中 公 新書.
- ↑ Takayuki Matsushita:南 九州 に お け る 古墳 時代 人 骨 の 人類学 的 研究[ Anthropological Research on Human Skeletal Remains from the Kofun Period in Southern Kyushu. ] 1990. (Japanese)
- ↑ 上 田, 正 昭 『日本 古代史 の 謎 再 考 (エ コ ー ル ・ ド ・ ロ イ ヤ ル 古代 日本 を 考 え る 1)』 学生 社, 1983 年 1 月, ISBN 4-311-41001-8 .