Heinz art

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Schematic structure of a Heinzenkunst
Replica in the Deutsches Museum: Detail of balls and pipe tour
Replica of a Heinzenkunst with an artificial bike in the German Museum
Foot-operated water pump

A Heinzenkunst , also called pocket art or hanging rope art , is a water lifting machine that was used in mining to lift pit water . In salt wells it was used to raise the brine and was also known there as tuft art . The modern name of this machine is a scoop pump . The Heinzenkunst was invented at the beginning of the 16th century and introduced into the Harz mining industry in 1535 .

construction

An endless chain was placed over a drive pulley mounted in a frame. This chain was called the Heinz rope. Since this endless chain was similar to a prayer chain , this chain was also called a paternoster chain. Leather balls or leather disks (balls, bags, tufts) were attached to the chain at short intervals. The distance between the leather balls was even and was usually about 1–2 meters. The leather balls were filled with straw , hair or sticks . With the endless chain, the balls were pulled through a wooden tube (tube tour) standing vertically in the water. The inside diameter of the pipe and the size of the balls were coordinated so that the balls slid along the pipe wall as closely as possible. The wooden tube was reinforced with iron rings and fixed to the shaft lining with iron clips . The chain was diverted over another pulley which was located in the sump . The upper disk was connected to the drive via a shaft . The lower end of the pipe tour stood in the sump, the upper end of the pipe tour reached up to the level of water drainage created, which could be in a water solution tunnel or above ground. The Heinzenkunst was initially driven by muscle power, such drives were called the art of pedaling. In order to achieve greater funding, the Heinzenkunst was later driven by a horse peg, this type of drive was also called horse art . In order to lift even larger amounts of water from even greater depths, the Heinzenkunst was powered by water power. The shaft was driven by a water wheel , also known as an artificial wheel.

function

In contrast to the similarly functioning Bulgenkunst , the water was raised continuously in the Heinzenkunst. If the waterwheel was set in rotation, the chain was also set in motion by the drive pulley. The endless chain was taken through the drive pulley and the leather balls were pulled through the tube. The water column in the pipe was pulled up by each ball. The pipe filled up again and the next ball took this water with it. For example, a water column of 10 to 40 centimeters was lifted per leather ball. The water was drawn through the pipe and emptied into a channel at the outlet. This process was repeated as long as the Heinzenkunst was driven and there was enough water in the pipe.

Drive power

The drive power of the Heinzenkunst was different depending on the drive type. The lowest drive power was achieved with manually driven Heinz arts. In the case of Heinz arts powered by water power, the drive power was about 3 kilowatts, depending on the amount of water and the water pressure acting on the artificial wheel. With such a Heinzenkunst, about 4 m³ of water per hour could be lifted at a delivery height of 45 meters. Agricola specifies a funding height of 60 to 70 meters for Heinzenkunst. The disadvantage of the Heinzenkunst was the low efficiency. If the tufts were so big that they were too close to the pipe wall, the friction losses were too great. If the tufts were too small, some of the raised water flowed past the sides and down.

  • photos

  • Heinz art with pedal drive according to Agricola

  • Hand-driven Heinz art according to Agricola

  • Hand-driven Heinz art according to Agricola

  • Heinz art with water wheel drive according to Agricola

  • Heinz art with Göpel drive according to Agricola

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Carl Friedrich Richter: Latest mountain and hut lexicon. First volume, Kleefeldsche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1805.
  2. ^ A b Johann Georg Krünitz: Economic Encyclopedia, or general system of state, town, house and agriculture, in alphabetical order. Second and twentieth part, by Joachim Pauli, Berlin 1781.
  3. ↑ a b c d Lifting water with the use of force . In: Frontinus Society eV (Ed.): Series of publications by the Frontinus Society. Issue 28, print prime Rate kft., Budapest, ISBN 3-9806091-4-6 , pp. 78–81
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Wilfried Liessmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 .
  5. ↑ a b c d Ekkehard Henschke: State rule and mining industry. Writings on economic and social history 23, 1st edition, Duncker & Humblot publishing house, Berlin 1975, ISBN 9783428031245 .
  6. ^ Johann Karl Gottfried Jacobson: Technologischesa dictionary or alphabetical explanation of all useful mechanical arts, manufactories, factories and craftsmen . Two parts from G to L, by Friedrich Nicolai, Berlin and Stettin 1782.
  7. ^ Paul Henk: History of the Harz mining industry . In: Friends of Mining in Graubünden. (Ed.): Bergknappe, No. 112, Druck Buchdruckerei Davos AG, April 2008, pp. 2–7.
  8. ^ Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar eV (Ed.): The Röderstollen. Self-published by the Förderverein, Druck Papierflieger Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Goslar 2010
  9. ↑ a b c d Georg Agricola: Twelve books on mining and metallurgy. In commission VDI-Verlag GmbH, Berlin.
  10. ^ A b Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar eV (ed.): Shafts of the Rammelsberg. Self-published by the Förderverein, Druck Papierflieger Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Goslar 2006
  11. ^ Herbert Schmidt: The silver mining in the county of Glatz and in the Principality of Münsterberg-Oels. - From the medieval beginnings to the decline. Tectum Verlag, Marburg 2003, ISBN 3-8288-8500-4 .
  12. ^ Rolf Meurer: Hydraulic engineering and water management in Germany . Parey Buchverlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8263-3303-9 .

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