Dewatering machine

As a dewatering machine or water hoist is known in the mining industry , a machine, in with the aid of the mine occurring mine water can be discharged. With this machine the water is raised from a lower to a higher level.

Basics and history

When mining penetrates into areas that are below the valley floor, the resulting water cannot drain naturally, it has to be lifted. The water inflow increases with increasing depth . The water inflow can then, depending on the mountain area, very quickly amounts of several cubic meters of mine water per minute. These large quantities can no longer be handled with simple means; the pit water that accumulates here has to be removed from the mine building with powerful lifting machines. To drive these lifting machines, correspondingly powerful drive machines are required, which in turn have to be moved with the appropriate drive energy. If the dewatering machine is too weakly dimensioned, with stronger water inflows this leads to the mine building partially or completely sinking and the machine having to be replaced by a stronger one. Georgius Agricola describes the first dewatering machines in 1556 in his work "De re metallica libri XII". In parallel with the operation of the first simple water lifting machines, the first mechanically driven pumps were used as early as the 16th century. At the beginning of the 19th century the first steam-driven dewatering machine was put into operation.

Water lifting device

The water lifting device is the mechanical part of the dewatering machine with which the pit water is moved directly, usually to a higher level. Simple water lifting devices are designed in such a way that vessels are moved through the accumulated water by the drive machine in such a way that they fill with water and are then lifted above the surface by the machine in order to be emptied there. These machines working in this way were used in mining as bulk arts . A modification of the water lifting device, in which the water to be lifted was led through a pipe for the first time, was the Heinz art used in the 16th century . However, these machines are not very efficient. This means that they can only be used with low water inflows. In addition, due to their design, these machines can only be used for moderate depths. Pumps are much more powerful than water lifting devices. The first pumps that were used were so-called shaft pumps. A distinction is made here between low pump sets and high pump sets. The lower pump sets were known as the pumping art in the mining industry. The high pump sets were used as a water lifting device for the rod water maintenance. Although these two machines were similar in function, they differed significantly in design. The main difference is the pressure head, which is 130 meters with a high pump set and thus around seven times as high as that of a lower set. Further differences lie in the type of drive machine. Instead of the shaft pumps, piston pumps are used as the water lifting device, in which the prime mover is installed directly next to the pump underground. Since unclean, muddy or sandy water often occurs in mining, centrifugal pumps are increasingly used here. The main advantages of these pumps over piston pumps are their performance and their insensitivity.

Prime mover

Different drive machines were used depending on the mountain area. This was primarily due to the drive energy that was available. A driving machine that was very often used in mountainous areas was the water wheel . The performance of every waterwheel depends on the diameter of the waterwheel and the amount of impact water . If you want to increase the performance of this drive machine, you have to increase the height of fall . Given the conditions, this is possible when using a larger water wheel. Another variant is to use several water wheels as a cascade and to place the wheels in the shaft one below the other so that they are all supplied one after the other by the same impact water. If the use of waterwheels as drive machines was not possible due to the terrain, Göpel or Windkünste were used as drive machines . The water column machine was a very powerful drive . With this drive machine, the entire pressure head was used up to the surface of the earth.

With the invention of the steam engine , it was now possible to use powerful drive machines for the dewatering machines in all mountain areas. The machines were used in various mines both to drive the dewatering machine and as a drive machine for the hoisting machine . The steam engines were initially only set up above ground, as there were problems with the discharge of exhaust steam when the machine was in operation. The regulation of the above-ground machine was also easier to handle. In addition, this setup meant that the drive machine was outside the danger area and thus ready for use in emergencies caused by water breakthroughs. From 1845 the steam engine was also used in underground water reservoirs. To secure the water drainage in emergencies z. B. in the event of a failure of the machines installed underground, the machines installed above ground continued to be operated as reserve machines. Ultimately, electric motors have also been used as drive machines for the dewatering machine since the 1890s . These motors make it possible to drive a pump with a drive power of 1,600 kilowatts , with which up to seven cubic meters of mine water per minute can be pumped over a height of 1,100 meters. The electric motor can also be used more flexibly, for example as a drive machine for submersible centrifugal pumps in the so-called perpetual dewatering in the Ruhr area.

Drive energy

Different energies were available as drive energy for the operation of the dewatering machine, depending on the mountain area. Where it was feasible due to the terrain, hydropower was often used. Since each drive machine usually has to be supplied separately with impact water, there must be a correspondingly large number of impact trenches. In order to always have sufficient impact water available for the individual machines, the water must be stored in ponds. A practical example is the Upper Harz water shelf , which has been preserved to this day . In order to be able to use the power of the impact water optimally, it is, if possible, directed one after the other through several drive machines. Can not be established directly on the shaft, the drive machine, the drive power of the engine, by means flatrod system be directed to the water lifting device. After use, the impact water is drained off via a water dissolving tunnel . In the areas where there was not enough water power available, animal muscle power was used by means of göpel. In some cases, the power of the wind was also used for propulsion. However, these energies were not sufficient to be able to have a significant influence on the operation of the dewatering machines with large water inflows. It was only through the use of the steam generated by improved steam engines as drive energy that it was possible to operate powerful dewatering machines in the coal mining areas. The coal used to operate the machines was extracted from the company's own mine . Since the machine could not always be set up in the immediate vicinity of the water lifting device, rods were also used in such cases to transfer the drive energy to the water lifting device. The handling of the steam is not always unproblematic, especially when the machine is installed underground. The electrical energy as drive energy was initially used in the form of direct current , but later increasingly in the form of three-phase current.

Individual evidence

^ ^A ^b Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
↑ ^a ^b Gotthard Odwald Marbach: Enkyclopedia of experimental physics, astronomy, geography, chemistry, physiology, chronology according to the degree of their relationship to physics. Fourth volume N to Z, published by Otto Wigand, Leipzig 1837, pp. 876–894.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Herbert Pforr: Erzgebirge river water pumps pit water from the historic Freiberg silver mines. Development of dewatering from the 16th to the 19th century. In: BERGKNAPPE 110, Friends of Mining in Graubünden (ed.), Buchdruckerei Davos AG, No. 1, 31st year, April 2007, pp. 2-10.
^ ^A ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mathias Döring: Water wheels, water column machines and turbines - Upper Harz water management became a cultural heritage. In: Dresdner Wasserbauliche Mitteilungen, No. 45. Technische Universität Dresden, self-published by the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 2011, ISBN 978-3-86780-198-0 , pp. 131–141.
^ Memorandum for the 50th anniversary of the Graf Bismarck union in Gelsenkirchen. Printed by Carl Bertenburg, Gelsenkirchen 1918, p. 71.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Rudolf Mirsch, Gerhard Jost, Bernd Aberle: From the art of lifting water - about the importance of the water tunnels in the Mansfeld district. In: 7th Altbergbau Colloquium . Freiberg 2007, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2007, pp. 226-227.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Conrad Matschoss: The development of the steam engine. A history of the stationary steam engine and the locomobile, the ship engine and the locomotive; First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908, pp. 29–33.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Association for mining interests in the Oberbergamtsiertel Dortmund (ed.): The development of the Lower Rhine-Westphalian coal mining in the second half of the 19th century. Volume IV, extraction work - water management, Springer Verlag Berlin, Berlin 1902, pp. 127, 131–142.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. Second volume, third and fourth increased and improved edition, Springer-Verlag GmbH, Berlin / Heidelberg 1923, pp. 572-584.
↑ Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, fourth improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884, pp. 539–617.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. Second improved edition, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887, pp. 573–631.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hans Bansen (Hrsg.): The mining machines. Fifth Volume, The Drainage Machines. Published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1916, pp. 267–288.
↑ H. Hoffmann: Textbook of mining machines (power and work machines). 1st edition, Springer Verlag GmbH, Berlin / Heidelberg 1926, pp. 210-233
↑ Jenny Mex: Technical progress and economic development illustrated using the example of mining and metallurgy in the empire in the 16th century. In: Concilium medii aevi 3. Peter Aufgebauer, Helmut Flachenecker, Christian Liberang, Marcus Frings, Nathalie Kruppa (eds.), Göttingen 2000, pp. 88–90.
^ ^A ^b Rolf Meurer: Hydraulic engineering and water management in Germany. Parey Buchverlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8263-3303-9 , pp. 54-56.
↑ Eichler (production engineer): The new water retention system of the Rosenblumendelle colliery. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund (Ed.), No. 29, Volume 45, July 17, 1909, pp. 1033-1037.
↑ ^a ^b Karl Heinz Bader, Karl Röttger, Manfred Prante: 250 years of coal mining in the Brandenburg region. A contribution to the history of mining, the mining administration and the city of Bochum. Study publisher Dr. N. Brockmeyer, Bochum 1987, ISBN 3-88339-590-0 , p. 93.
^ Theodor Röhnert: Drilling of a central main water drainage on the Prosper Haniel mine. In: Deilmann-Haniel GmbH. (Ed.): Our company, company magazine for the companies of the Deilmann-Haniel Group. No. 28, printed by A. Hellendoorn, Bentheim December 1991, pp. 11-16.
↑ Isabelle Balzer, Markus Roth: Mine water management in the Ruhr area - a task for eternity. In: GeoPark Ruhrgebiet News, GeoPark Ruhrgebiet eV (Ed.), Issue 2, Essen 2017, pp. 4–8.
^ ^A ^b Justus Teicke, Mathias Döring: Water on the Limes and in the Hohensteiner Land . The past and present of the Main and its floods, writings of the DWhG, Volume 14, Siegburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8391-8665-7 , pp. 141–142.
^ Conrad Matschoss: The development of the steam engine. A history of the stationary steam engine and the locomobile, the ship engine and the locomotive; Second volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908, pp. 106–111.

Remarks

↑ The term pump set or set always means the complete pump. (Source: Gustav Köhler: Textbook of Mining Studies. )

[Quelle_1-1] A ^b Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.

[Quelle_2-2] Gotthard Odwald Marbach: Enkyclopedia of experimental physics, astronomy, geography, chemistry, physiology, chronology according to the degree of their relationship to physics. Fourth volume N to Z, published by Otto Wigand, Leipzig 1837, pp. 876–894.

[Quelle_3-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Herbert Pforr: Erzgebirge river water pumps pit water from the historic Freiberg silver mines. Development of dewatering from the 16th to the 19th century. In: BERGKNAPPE 110, Friends of Mining in Graubünden (ed.), Buchdruckerei Davos AG, No. 1, 31st year, April 2007, pp. 2-10.

[Quelle_4-4] A ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mathias Döring: Water wheels, water column machines and turbines - Upper Harz water management became a cultural heritage. In: Dresdner Wasserbauliche Mitteilungen, No. 45. Technische Universität Dresden, self-published by the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 2011, ISBN 978-3-86780-198-0 , pp. 131–141.

[Quelle_5-5] Memorandum for the 50th anniversary of the Graf Bismarck union in Gelsenkirchen. Printed by Carl Bertenburg, Gelsenkirchen 1918, p. 71.

[Quelle_6-6] Rudolf Mirsch, Gerhard Jost, Bernd Aberle: From the art of lifting water - about the importance of the water tunnels in the Mansfeld district. In: 7th Altbergbau Colloquium . Freiberg 2007, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2007, pp. 226-227.

[Quelle_7-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Conrad Matschoss: The development of the steam engine. A history of the stationary steam engine and the locomobile, the ship engine and the locomotive; First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908, pp. 29–33.

[Quelle_8-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Association for mining interests in the Oberbergamtsiertel Dortmund (ed.): The development of the Lower Rhine-Westphalian coal mining in the second half of the 19th century. Volume IV, extraction work - water management, Springer Verlag Berlin, Berlin 1902, pp. 127, 131–142.

[Quelle_9-9] Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. Second volume, third and fourth increased and improved edition, Springer-Verlag GmbH, Berlin / Heidelberg 1923, pp. 572-584.

[Quelle_10-10] Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, fourth improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884, pp. 539–617.

[Quelle_11-12] Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. Second improved edition, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887, pp. 573–631.

[Quelle_12-13] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hans Bansen (Hrsg.): The mining machines. Fifth Volume, The Drainage Machines. Published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1916, pp. 267–288.

[Quelle_13-14] H. Hoffmann: Textbook of mining machines (power and work machines). 1st edition, Springer Verlag GmbH, Berlin / Heidelberg 1926, pp. 210-233

[Quelle_14-15] Jenny Mex: Technical progress and economic development illustrated using the example of mining and metallurgy in the empire in the 16th century. In: Concilium medii aevi 3. Peter Aufgebauer, Helmut Flachenecker, Christian Liberang, Marcus Frings, Nathalie Kruppa (eds.), Göttingen 2000, pp. 88–90.

[Quelle_15-16] A ^b Rolf Meurer: Hydraulic engineering and water management in Germany. Parey Buchverlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8263-3303-9 , pp. 54-56.

[Quelle_21-17] Eichler (production engineer): The new water retention system of the Rosenblumendelle colliery. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund (Ed.), No. 29, Volume 45, July 17, 1909, pp. 1033-1037.

[Quelle_16-18] Karl Heinz Bader, Karl Röttger, Manfred Prante: 250 years of coal mining in the Brandenburg region. A contribution to the history of mining, the mining administration and the city of Bochum. Study publisher Dr. N. Brockmeyer, Bochum 1987, ISBN 3-88339-590-0 , p. 93.

[Quelle_17-19] Theodor Röhnert: Drilling of a central main water drainage on the Prosper Haniel mine. In: Deilmann-Haniel GmbH. (Ed.): Our company, company magazine for the companies of the Deilmann-Haniel Group. No. 28, printed by A. Hellendoorn, Bentheim December 1991, pp. 11-16.

[Quelle_18-20] Isabelle Balzer, Markus Roth: Mine water management in the Ruhr area - a task for eternity. In: GeoPark Ruhrgebiet News, GeoPark Ruhrgebiet eV (Ed.), Issue 2, Essen 2017, pp. 4–8.

[Quelle_19-21] A ^b Justus Teicke, Mathias Döring: Water on the Limes and in the Hohensteiner Land . The past and present of the Main and its floods, writings of the DWhG, Volume 14, Siegburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8391-8665-7 , pp. 141–142.

[Quelle_20-22] Conrad Matschoss: The development of the steam engine. A history of the stationary steam engine and the locomobile, the ship engine and the locomotive; Second volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908, pp. 106–111.

[Anm._Köhl.-11] The term pump set or set always means the complete pump. (Source: Gustav Köhler: Textbook of Mining Studies. )