Pump art

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Replica of a pump art from the 16th century. in the Suggental silver mine

The pumps Art is a dewatering machine which in the early mining to lift water was used. Pumping skills were used in mining from the mid-16th century. For over 300 years this machine was the best pump technology available worldwide.

history

With the transition from tunnel to civil engineering , it was necessary to use powerful water lifting machines due to the strong water inflow. The first dewatering machines that were used in mining were the Bulgen and later the Heinz arts . These machines were used in mining for water lifting around 1400. Since these machines had a maximum delivery height of 45 meters, the performance limit was soon reached. With the development of pumps and their use as dewatering machines, it was possible to maintain orderly dewatering even at depths of more than 500 meters. The first pump art “(art with the crooked spigot”) was developed in 1540 by Heinrich Eschenbach. In the Freiberg mountain area there were artifacts in operation until 1913.

Crooked art

Pump art in the sump

The art with the crooked spigot was developed in the Ore Mountains and is the forerunner of all the pumping arts later used in mining. The crooked pin is an essential component here. An overshot water wheel with a diameter of 8 to 12 meters and a width of 0.6 to 0.8 meters serves as the drive . The water wheel is connected to a crankshaft, the crooked pin, and was installed in the wheel room . This construction made it possible for the first time to convert a rotary movement into a straight lifting movement of the sump rod. The pump sets consist of combined suction and pressure pumps with piston and cylinder. The individual pump sets are connected to one another via the wooden sump rod. Drilled tree trunks, so-called beeps, serve as cylinders. The cylinders are arranged one above the other, the lower cylinder is in the sump and the upper cylinder is in a wooden water basin. The pistons move alternately in the cylinders, causing the pump sets to lift the water towards each other. The pistons were provided with holes that were automatically closed and opened by leather rags (as non-return valves). The delivery head per cylinder was about ten meters. The delivery rate was four to seven cubic meters per pump set. The ratio of impact water to pump water was 18: 1.

Artifacts

The artifact, also known as Ehrenfriedersdorfer rod art or wheel pump, was the further development of the art with the crooked pin. This water lifting machine was the best pump technology in the world for three centuries. The entire artifact is in principle a piston pump system, which consists of several pumps arranged one above the other and is driven by a prime mover. The engine consists of several artificial wheels connected in series. The pump sets are structured similarly to the art with the crooked cone. The individual piston rods are connected to one another via an artificial linkage. The first piece of art consisted of three pumps, one above the other. Artifacts were installed in artificial shafts up to 600 meters deep , for this a maximum of 40 piston pumps were connected in series. In the case of large water inflows, up to three pumps were arranged side by side. From the 20th century iron was used instead of wood as the material for the pumps, as iron was better able to withstand the higher pressures in the pump risers.

Function and performance

The artificial linkage raises and lowers all connected piston rods, so that all pumps are set in motion at the same time. The bottom pump sucks in the pit water from the sump and pumps it into the water tank of the next pump according to its delivery head. This sucks it out of the water tank and pumps it into the water tank of the next but one pump. This process is repeated up to the last pump. This pumps the water to the drain in the level of the water solution gallery . Each pump had a maximum suction height of 7 and a lifting height of 3 to 13 meters. The performance of the artifacts was up to 20 kilowatts, depending on the amount and pressure of the impact water. With an artificial bike , water could be pumped up to a height of 100 meters. However, depending on the position of the artificial linkage, large friction losses occurred. The delivery rate was 4 to 7 m 3 of pit water per hour. The artificial wheels had a diameter of 10 to 12 and a maximum of 16 meters. They were about a meter wide. In order to be optimally coordinated with the speed of the artificial tool, the artificial wheels turned at 7 to 10 revolutions per minute. If the performance of one artificial wheel was not sufficient, which was the case with deeper shafts, then several artificial wheels were used in combination. The wheels were built on top of each other in the shaft. With this construction, the impact water could be used in the best possible way, as it was passed on from the upper to the wheel below.

repair

Due to the mechanical stress, it happened that the artificial rods hung in the shaft tore. The art squeezer and winch were used to repair the art of pumps. For this purpose, a holder was first created with the heavy wood screws of the artificial squeezer, then the broken ends were cut smooth, then the rods were pulled together with the artificial winch. Finally, a suitable square piece of wood was inserted into the frame and the artificial crimp was loosened and removed.

photos

  • Agricola wheel pump

  • Agricola wheel pump

  • Agricola wheel pump

literature

  • Wilfried Liessmann: Historical mining in the Harz . 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4
  • Georg Agricola: Twelve books on mining and metallurgy. In commission VDI-Verlag GmbH, Berlin
  • Springer, FP: From Agricola's pomps in mining, which pulls the water through the wind, to the boom pumps in oil production , in: Erdoel-Erdgas-Kohlen Heft 10, 2007 pp. 380–386

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Marcus Dehler: Water management in historical mining. Online (accessed October 5, 2012; PDF; 1.3 MB).
  2. ^ A b Herbert Pforr: Development of dewatering from the 16th to the 19th century. In: BERGKNAPPE 110 Online (accessed October 5, 2012; PDF; 5.2 MB).
  3. ↑ a b c d e Water on the Limes and in the Hohensteiner Land . The past and present of the Main and its floods, writings of the DWhG, Volume 14, Siegburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-8391-8665-7 , pp. 141–142.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Mathias Döring: Water wheels, water column machines and turbines - Upper Harz water management became a world cultural heritage . Dresdner Wasserbauliche Mitteilungen, Dresdner Wasserbaukolloquium, Dresden 2011, pp. 140–141.
  5. ↑ Moritz Ferdinand Gaetzschmann: Complete guide to the art of mining . First part, second edition, published by Arthur Felix, Leipzig 1866.
  6. ↑ Herbert Pforr: The Erzgebirge artificial ditch system and the water power machines for dewatering and shaft extraction in the historic Freiberg silver mining . In: Ring Deutscher Bergingenieure (Ed.): Mining . No. 11 . Makossa, Gelsenkirchen November 2007, p. 502–505 ( digitized version [PDF; accessed April 25, 2011]).
  7. ↑ Carl Hartmann (Ed.): Concise dictionary of the mountain, hut and Saltwork science of mineralogy and geognosy. First AK department, Bernhard Friedrich Voigt bookstore, Ilmenau 1825.
  8. ^ A b Rolf Meurer: Hydraulic engineering and water management in Germany . Parey Buchverlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8263-3303-9 .
  9. ^ Martin Schmidt: Water historical research with a focus on the mining sector . Writings of the DWhG, Volume 3, Siegburg, ISBN 3-8330-0729-X , pp. 15, 19, 47.
  10. ↑ The Upper Harz Mining Museum : The Schützbucht .
  11. ^ Johann Karl Gottfried Jacobson: Technological dictionary or alphabetical explanation of all useful mechanical arts, manufactories, factories and craftsmen . Two parts from G to L, by Friedrich Nicolai, Berlin and Stettin 1782.