Bulgenkunst

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pot art according to Agricola
Bulgenkunst with sweeping wheel

The Bulgenkunst even Pulgenkunst called, is a machine that in the early mining to the water elevation and promotion was used. The Bulgenkunst is considered the oldest dewatering machine , she was already in the Roman used mines to lift water.

Basics

In the sixth of the Twelve Books on Mining and Metallurgy , Georgius Agricola names two water lifting machines in which the water is lifted using scoops. One of these two machines had a leather bulge as a scoop , which was attached to its own chain. This machine is called Bulgenkunst. The other machine had several scoops attached to a continuous, rotating chain. Small leather bags, also known as bulges, were also attached to the chain of this machine as scoops. The forerunners of these machines were the container chains used in antiquity and driven by treadmills . Instead of the bulges, other scoops were also used in the machine with a rotating chain. Box-shaped leather containers, but also jugs, buckets or pails made of wood were often used as scoops. After the scoop vessels , these water lifting machines were then called box , jug or bucket art . The name Bulgenkunst was later established for these machines as well.

Bulgenkunst with sweeping wheel

This machine consisted of a wooden shaft that was driven by a sweeping wheel . A rope basket was attached to the shaft. A chain was attached to the rope cage, at the end of which a bulge was attached. The chain was fed into the artificial shaft either directly or via a pulley . The water was raised by means of this large bulge. This machine constructed in this way worked discontinuously. The empty vessel was conveyed into the sump, filled there and then pulled up again and emptied at the top. With this machine it was possible to lift the water even from greater depths . In some mines on the Abertham, water was lifted from a depth of over 70 puddles . However, the operation of these machines was associated with great difficulties. The first problems arose with the choice of the installation site. When the machine was placed directly at the shaft opening , the cable cage was located directly above the shaft, but then the bulges could not be pulled high enough to empty them. A second rope then had to be used for this. If the machine was installed further away from the shaft, the chain had to be guided over a pulley, which could lead to problems when conveying downwards. Due to the low weight of the Bulge and the low weight of the relatively short chain, the chain then sagged between the machine and the deflection. This problem could be solved with ballast weights in the bulge or with an additional linkage. When using an additional rod, the rope cage came closer to the pulley. Due to the additional friction, there were friction losses that reduced the effect of the drive energy. Ballast weights were undesirable because they reduce the payload. Another problem was the heavy weight of the chains, which could be up to 200 quintals depending on the depth .

Bulgen art with a surrounding chain

Schematic structure of a Bulgenkunst with a circulating chain

This Bulgenkunst consisted of the water lifting part and the drive part. An endless chain was placed over a mounted disc, to which leather buckets, so-called bulges, were attached at short intervals. But hoses or boxes were also used. The chain was steered over another pulley which was located in the shaft sump . The upper disk was connected to the drive via a shaft. Both discs were positioned so that they were perpendicular to each other. Bulge art was initially driven by muscle power. Here, the disc was measured with a wheel connected, in which a miner drive the wheel by means of running movements. In order to achieve greater funding, the Bulgenkunst was later driven by a horse peg. So that even larger amounts of water could be lifted, the Bulgenkunst was driven with a water wheel. The drive power was dependent on the type of drive used. The drive using human muscle power was well below one horsepower . The greatest achievement was achieved with bulk arts powered by hydropower. The synthetic wheels used had a diameter of several meters and were up to a meter wide. These drives achieved an output of between 0.7 and up to two kilowatts . If you read the power of the drive due to insufficient amounts of impact water , a corresponding number of scoops was suspended in order to compensate for the drop in power of the machine.

By using appropriately dimensioned chains, it was possible to achieve higher conveying heights of up to 7.5 meters as early as 1400. The maximum funding height per art was around 20 meters. The flow rate was four cubic meters per hour. The function of Bulgenkunst is similar in principle to a paternoster , which is why it is often referred to as paternoster art . The scoops attached to the chain filled with water when they were immersed in the sump and were conveyed up to the bottom of the tunnel. There they emptied themselves automatically into a wooden drainage channel and then moved back towards the sump. This process was repeated as long as the art of the Bulge was driven. However, the operation of these bulk arts was not without problems. So the Bulgenkunst was quite prone to failure. Often one or more pins broke on the upper shaft , which led to a total failure of the machine for a long period of time. In addition, their performance fell far short of expectations. Among other things, this led to the fact that the Rammelsberg mine exchanged the Bulge art for a Heinz art . These Heinz arts are closely related to the Bulgen art. In this machine, however, there are no open vessels attached to the circulating chain, but stuffing balls that convey the water upwards in a pipe - like the piston in a piston pump.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Swen Rinmann: General mining dictionary . Zweyter Theil, Fr. Chr. W. Vogel, Leipzig 1808
  2. ↑ Moritz Ferdinand Gaetzschmann: Complete guide to the art of mining. First part, second edition, published by Arthur Felix, Leipzig 1866
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Georg Agricola: Twelve books on mining and metallurgy. In commission VDI-Verlag GmbH, Berlin
  4. ↑ a b c David Kellner: Briefly drafted, very useful and edifying mining and salt works book. Book trade Carl Christian Neuenhalb, Frankfurt and Leipzig 1702
  5. ↑ a b Lifting water with the use of force . In: Frontinus Society eV (Ed.): Series of publications by the Frontinus Society. Issue 28, print prime Rate kft., Budapest, ISBN 3-9806091-4-6 , pp. 78–81
  6. ↑ a b c d e Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with documents. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871
  7. ↑ a b c d e Friedrich Balck : Hydro power machines for the Harz. Habilitation thesis, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal 1999
  8. ^ Förderverein Rammelsberger Bergbaumuseum Goslar eV (Ed.): The Röderstollen. Self-published by the Förderverein, Druck Papierflieger Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Goslar 2010
  9. ↑ Moritz Ferdinand Gaetzschmann: Collection by mining expressions. Craz & Gerlach Publishing House, Freiberg 1859
  10. ^ Paul Henk: History of the Harz mining industry . In: Association of Friends of Mining in Graubünden. (Ed.): Berg-Knappe. No. 112, January 2008, pp. 2-6
  11. ^ A b c Rolf Meurer: Hydraulic engineering and water management in Germany. Parey Buchverlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8263-3303-9 .
  12. ↑ a b Conrad Matschoss: The development of the steam engine. A history of the stationary steam engine and the locomobile, the ship engine and the locomotive, first volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908, p. 30.
  13. ^ A b Emil Kraume: 1000 years of Rammelsberg. PREUSSAG Aktiengesellschaft, Public Relations Department, Goslar

Web links