He laughs

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The (also the) Lachter (also: Berglachter , abbreviation: Ltr. , Lr. , Symbol: °) was a measure of length common in mining , with which depths , the tunneling and the size of pit fields , including things , were usually determined. In most German-speaking mountain areas, it was the most important measure of length.

Definition and subdivision

A laugh was roughly the amount a man could hold with his arms outstretched. So it was a little bigger than the fathom (about 1.8 m).

The laugh was - with regional differences - divided into the units eighth (also called Spann, Gräpel or Gröbel), (laughing) inch, primes (also called prinen) and seconds.

  • 1 laugh = 8 instep = 80 (laugh) inches = 800 (laugh) primes = 8000 (laugh) seconds

In the 19th century, the decimal system was used:

  • 1 laugh = 10 laugh feet = 100 laugh inches = 1000 laugh lines

Measuring instruments

Several measuring instruments were available depending on the application.

Laughter chain made of iron.
  • The laugh cord was 10 or 12 laughs in length. Knots marked the laughing distance. It was originally made from hemp rope . Georgius Agricola criticized this because the rope elongated when it was wet. That is why the rope was oiled or later it was made from linden bast . Since there were still inaccuracies when pulling, the cord was ultimately only used to stretch a straight stretch, along which measurements were made with a laughing stick.
  • The laugh chain was a chain made of brass or iron wire with a length of 5 or 6 laughs. Smaller rings were attached at a distance of one eighth and larger rings at a distance of half and whole laughs.
  • The laugh stick , also known as the laugh stick , was exactly the length of a laugh and was about 2 inches in diameter. It was made of dry wood (e.g. fir). Metal plates were attached to its head ends, and on the rod there were fine divisions into eighths, inches and primes, as well as notches for laying on the taut laughing cord. The laughing stick was mostly used by the mine separators and miners . Laughing sticks were deposited with the mining authorities as a standard for calibration.
  • The Lachtermaß had the length of a half laugh Marketers in stick form and was mainly by climbers and mountain jury used.
  • Finally, there was the laugher's cradle , a kind of folding rule the length of a quarter of a laugh, which should be part of the basic equipment of a miner.

history

The measure can already be found in the Annolied , written in 1077/1081 , where the Tower of Babel is described as "vieri dusent lafterin hohc". The term was later simplified to a purely mining measure of length. Already in the 13th century, the Iglauer Bergrecht defined hereditary tunnel justice based on this , just as the following mountain ordinances used the measure to define the pit fields . From 1500 the length of the laugh is more precisely defined, as in the Annaberger Bergordnung. The definitions not only vary significantly from mountain area to mountain area, but the sources also give different dimensions. For example, the Saxon Georgius Agricola published a measure of 6 work shoes (feet) in 1556, although the Saxon mountain ordinances ordered 3½ cubits (equivalent to 7 feet) decades earlier.

In the 17th century there are first comparative descriptions. Cross-border efforts towards standardization can be demonstrated in the 18th century, for example in Saxony in 1734, in Austria-Hungary in 1756 and in Prussia in 1780. However, these related to the base units of cubits or feet and failed for the time being. In 1780 Prussia defined a uniform laugh.

The definition of the meter as a natural measure in France from 1793 onwards had a major impact on the standardization that followed . The process was reinforced by the military success of Napoleon Bonaparte and the resulting alliances. However, enforcement was a lengthy and inconsistent process. Many states at least adopted the decimal system instead of the difficult to calculate duodecimal system . There was a "metrization" of the laugh in the Rhine Palatinate and Saxony, as well as in Baden, but here as a 3 m long rod.

A uniform, metric system was prepared in the North German Confederation in 1868 and introduced on January 1, 1872 with the establishment of the German Empire . The laugher was subsequently still used, especially since the old units were not finally overridden until 1893. In historical mining features the Lachter is still used, especially as the spatial and temporal relationship often leaves uncertainty on the correct conversion.

Regional differences

States of the German Confederation between 1815 and 1866

Like other dimensions, the Lachter was different in size in different regions, but could also experience changes within the same region. In addition, there could be differences between different mountain areas within a territory. The specification and use of conversion values ​​therefore only makes sense if it is definitely known where and for what time frame the values ​​were valid.

Stop

Anhalt in the years 1747 to 1793

In Anhalt , which consisted of several small principalities, there was significant mining only in the Lower Harz in the areas of Harzgerode , Gernrode and Tilkerode . Initially, all the princes exercised the Bergregal jointly, but in the period 1726/1742 they renounced it in favor of Anhalt-Bernburg . Harzgerode had been the seat of the mining authority since the end of the 16th century. The Harzgeroder Lachter measured 7 old Anhaltinian feet, which corresponds to 2,041 m. On January 19, 1840, Anhalt-Bernburg joined the German Mint Association and took over the Prussian weights and measures.

Baden and Württemberg

In the course of mediatization , the Baden principalities lost their independence in 1806 and were merged to form the Grand Duchy of Baden . In 1809, the dimensions and weights were revised by Michael Friedrich Wild . This resulted in the introduction of a partially metric system in 1810 and again in 1829. A “metric” foot of 0.3 m was set as the basic unit of length and the decimal system was introduced at the same time. The result was a 3 m long rod that should also be the laughing stock in the mountains. If necessary, half rods or the 1.80 m long fathom were to be used. However, the familiar language was retained and this rod was referred to as the "Neubadisches Lachter".

Bavaria

In Bavaria , due to the eventful history, no uniform laughing measure had established itself until the changeover to the metric system. Despite the standardization of the system of measurements and weights in 1809, several laugh measures were still in effect in 1869:

  • the old Bavarian Lachter was defined with 6.75 old Bavarian (Munich) feet and came to 1.970049 m.
  • Steben , which was temporarily Prussian, had the Prussian Lachter at 6 23 Prussian feet (2.092356 m).
  • In Wunsiedel the Lachter was set at 6 23 Bayreuth feet (corresponds to 2.035426 m).
  • In the formerly Austrian Berchtesgaden, the Lachter, according to the fathom, was set at 6 Bavarian feet and came to only 1.751155 m.
  • In the Rhine district, which was formerly occupied by the French, the 2 m laugh had been in effect since 1793.

Braunschweig / Hanover

The Lachter in the Upper Harz survived all standardizations until the introduction of the meter, even though the territorial allocation changed several times. Furthermore, it cannot be derived from any system of measurement. In the Electorate of Braunschweig it was converted to 80 inches, 8 ½ lines Braunschweiger Maß (decimal) or 1.91926 m. However, it was divided into exactly 80 laughing inches (8 instep to 10 laughing inches). In the Kingdom of Hanover , which had existed since 1814 , the Clausthaler Lachter was defined as 6 feet 6 inches 10.445 lines Hanoverian measure (duodecimal). The maintenance of the laugh was confirmed in 1837 by the Clausthal mining authority. The laugh remained unchanged after Prussia incorporated the kingdom as the province of Hanover in 1866 . It was finally converted with 1.9198 m.

Prussia

In 1780, the royal mining department headed by Friedrich Anton von Heynitz introduced a uniform laughing measure for the Duchy of Magdeburg , the Principality of Halberstadt , the Principality of Minden and the County of Mark . This Prussian Lachter was defined as 80 Rhineland inches or 6 23 Rhineland feet and was comparatively long at 2.0924 m.

For Silesia , which only came to Prussia from 1742, the (Prussian) Silesian Lachter was defined as 80 Breslau inches, which corresponds to 1.9193 m. With the measure and weight regulation of May 16, 1816, the larger Prussian laughter was also introduced here.

On January 1, 1872, the metric system was introduced.

Saxony

Agricola stated in his De re metallica a length of 6 work shoes (feet) as a laughing measure, which corresponds to a length of 1.70 m. However, in the Annaberger Bergordnung of 1509, "vierdehalb [ 3 12 ] Freibergisch ele reckoned before a laugh" and thus equated 1 laugh with 7 feet. With this mountain order, attempts were made as early as the 16th century to standardize the mining dimensions. So if the Freiberg (and thus Saxon) Lachter was initially the Freiberg Elle, then in 1734, and again in 1754, the somewhat longer Leipzig Elle was made binding nationwide. In 1811/1817 a steel cubit from Dresden was set to 125.568 Parisian lines as the benchmark. After the meter rule prevailed in France, the Lachter was subjected to a fundamental revision in 1826. Various laughing sticks deposited with the mining authorities and the Oberbergamt were measured and found that they differed only slightly from 2 m with 1.9616 to 1.9851 m. With the rescript of April 28, 1830, the new Lachter was fixed at 2,000 m and the immediate introduction was ordered. In 1835 the decimal division was ordered, which was applied to all cracks from 1837. With the introduction of the metric system in the German Empire, the laughter was also abolished on January 1, 1870.

Tabular overview (selection)

region Length [m] comment
Anhalt-Bernburg 2.0410 Harzgeröder Lachter
Baden (until 1827) 2.25 = 7.5 old Baden feet
Baden (from 1827) 2.99 = 10 new Baden feet
Bavaria 1.9705
Bayreuth 2.0354 corresponded to 80 Bayreuth customs
Berchtesgaden 1.7512 equivalent to 6 feet
Bohemia 2.3805 corresponded to 4 cubits
Braunschweig 1.9198
Clausthal 1.9238
Eisleben 2.0111
Hanover 1.9198
Idria ( Carniola ) 1.957 6 idrian feet
Joachimsthal (Jáchymov) 1.918
Kronach 2.1270 corresponded to 7 Nuremberg feet
Lippe-Detmold 2.3161
Nassau 2.0924
Austria 1.8965 1 mountain eight = 6 shoes
Prussia 2.0924 80 prussia. inch
Saxony 1.98233
2.00000
until 1830: 7 Dresden or Saxon feet
from 1830: defined to exactly 2 meters.
   Altenberg 1.9851 1826 determined from the normal laughers of the mining authorities.
   Annaberg 1.9826
   Freiberg 1.9616
   Johanngeorgenstadt 1.9811
   Marienberg 1.9849
Schemnitz (Banská Štiavnica) 2.022
Silesia 1.9202
Tyrol (1769–1809 and from 1815) 1.8949 = Viennese fathoms
Tyrol : Innsbruck (before 1769) 2.005 = 6 Tyrolean feet = 72 Tyrolean inches
Tyrol : Kitzbühel (1747) 1.78 = 64 Tyrolean inches
Tyrol : Schwaz 1.75 = 63 Tyrolean inches
Württemberg 2.0054 = 7 feet in Württemberg

Mountain clearances

Based on the definition of the meter (443.296 Parisian lines), the Parisian foot (144 Parisian lines) can be calculated at 32.4839 centimeters .

  • 1 Bavarian mountain view = 1.97008166 meters
  • 1 Braunschweiger mountain view = 1.92549439 meters
  • 1 Danish mountain figure = 2.01149028 meters
  • 1 Eisleber mountain range measure = 1.97257239 meters
  • 1 Eisleber mountain perimeter = 6.191 Parisian feet = 2.011 m
  • 1 English mountain measure = 1.82932942 meters (Fathom)
  • 1 French mountain measure = 1.94903334 meters (Toise)
  • 1 Freiberg mountain eight measure = 5.98 Parisian feet = 1.94 m
  • 1 Hessen-Kassel mountain distance = 1.994377 meters
  • 1 Idrijanian mountain length = 1.95912511 meters
  • 1 Jáchymov mountain height = 1.97000312 meters, also 1.9185895 meters
  • 1 Magdeburg mountain view = 2.196978 meters
  • 1 Upper Bavarian mountain distance = 5.927 Parisian feet = 1.925 m
  • 1 Palatinate mountain view = 2.12036085 meters
  • 1 Palatinate mountain height = 6.346 Parisian feet = 2.0614 m
  • 1 Russian mountain figure = 2.13357949 meters
  • 1 Schemnitz mountain eight measure = 2.02467215 meters
  • 1 Swedish mountain measure = 5.483 Paris feet = 1.781 m
  • 1 Zweibrücker mountain view = 1.97000312 meters

Information without brand after

See also

literature

  • Helmut Kahnt, Bernd Knorr: Old measures, coins and weights . VEB Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1986, ISBN 3-323-00013-7 .
  • Bernd Leißring: units of measurement used in old mining . The laugh. In: Erzgebirgische Heimatblätter . No. 5 . Kulturbund, 1989, ISSN  0232-6078 , p. 132-136 .
  • M. Schmidt: About the development of the art of mine cutting and the training of mine cutting in Saxony . In: Yearbook for mining and metallurgy in the Kingdom of Saxony to the year 1889 . Graz & Gerlach, Freiberg 1889, II. Das Berglachter, p. 3–6 ( tu-freiberg.de [PDF; 21.8 MB] [accessed on July 31, 2015]).
  • Julius Weisbach : The new art of mine cutting and its application to mining systems . tape 2 . Vieweg, Braunschweig 1859, p. 7 ( digitized version ).
  • Paul Wilski : Textbook of Markscheidekunde . tape 2 . Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1929, length measurement, p. 19-30 .
  • Otto Hermann Brandt : Documentary on measure and weight in Saxony . Printing house of the Saxon Ministry of the Interior, Dresden 1933.
  • Fritz Verdenhalven : Old measurement and currency systems from the German-speaking area . Verlag Degener & Co., Neustadt an der Aisch 1993, ISBN 3-7686-1036-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. Manfred Frank: The Alpirsbacher and Reinerzauer ore veins in the Württemberg Black Forest . In: Württemberg year books for statistics and regional studies . 1951, p. 117 .
  2. ^ Heinrich August Ottokar Reichard : The passenger on the journey in Germany and Switzerland, to Amsterdam, Brussels, Copenhagen (etc) . Friedrich August Herbig, Berlin 1843, p. 105 .
  3. ^ J. Weisbach, Die neue Markscheidekunst, 1859, p. 7.
  4. Friedrich Jakob Richter: The art of mining after Abraham Gottlob Werner's lectures, in the Königl. Saxon. Bergakademie in Freiberg, and based on my own experience . Arnold, Dresden 1823, p. 29 ( digitized version ).
  5. ^ Friedrich Ludwig Karl Weigand: Dictionary of German synonyms . 2. H-R. Kupferberg, Mainz 1843 ( digitized version ).
  6. German legal dictionary. Retrieved December 4, 2016 .
  7. Werner Besch (Hrsg.): Language history. A handbook on the history of the German language and its research . 2nd, completely revised and enlarged edition. tape  2 . de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2000, p. 1842 ( digitized version ).
  8. Codex diplomaticus Saxoniae regiae . CDS II 13, p.  280 ( digitized version ).
  9. a b Hubert Ermisch : The Saxon mining law of the Middle Ages . Duke Georgs Bergordnung for Sanct Annaberg. Giesecke & Devrient, Leipzig 1887, Art. 87, p.  193 ( digitized version ).
  10. ^ Nicolaus Voigtel : Geometria subterranea, or Marckscheide art . 2., verb. Edition. Dietzel, Eisleben 1686, p.  1 ( digitized version ).
  11. Ludger Mintrop : Introduction to the mining industry with special consideration of coal mining . 2., verb. Edition. Springer, Berlin 1916, p.  34 .
  12. Harzgerode Mining Commission (inventory)  in the German Digital Library
  13. ^ Heinrich August Pierer : Lexicon of the present and the past or the latest encyclopedic dictionary of science, arts and trade . 2nd, completely reworked edition. 2, Amis – Assyrius. Pierer, Altenburg 1840 ( online ).
  14. a b Michael Friedrich Wild: About general measure and weight derived from the demands of nature, trade, the police and the current still usual measures and weights with suggestions for mean measures and weights and coins in easy-to-understand proportions with the metric, under excellent consideration and application to the Rhenish countryside . tape 1 . Müller, Karlsruhe 1815, p. 122 f . ( Digitized version ).
  15. Maasordnung for the Grand Duchy of Baden. With the corresponding instructions . Müller, Karlsruhe 1829 ( digitized version ).
  16. Tables for the transformation of the old Maase and weights of the Grand Duchy of Baden into the new general Baden . tape  2 . Müller, Karlsruhe 1812, p. XXIX f . ( Digitized version ).
  17. ^ Rudolf Metz : Mineralogical and regional hikes in the northern Black Forest . 2nd Edition. Lahr 1977, p.  597 .
  18. Tables for the transformation of the old Maase and weights of the Grand Duchy of Baden into the new general Baden . tape  2 . Müller, Karlsruhe 1812, p. 122 ( digitized version ).
  19. ^ Addendum to the service instruction for the k. Markscheider from August 18, 1869 . In: Mining Law for the Kingdom of Bavaria: of March 20, 1869, with introduction, explanations from the motives for the draft of the law and the negotiations of the two chambers, other comments and table of contents . Franz, Munich 1869, p.  267 ( digitized version ).
  20. Chr. Schmitz: About measures and weights in the Kingdom of Bavaria with consideration for the basis and legal provisions . Fleischmann, Munich 1845, p. 44, 61 ( digitized version ).
  21. ^ Heinz Ziegler: Old weights and measures in the country of Braunschweig . In: Braunschweigisches Jahrbuch . tape 50 , 1969, p. 154 ( PDF; 16.9 MB ( memento of December 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive )).
  22. Announcement of the Royal Mining Authority in Clausthal, regarding the implementation of the law of August 19, 1836 on measure and weight at the Hanoverian Oberharze . In: Collection of laws, ordinances and tenders for the Kingdom of Hanover from 1837 . 3rd department. Kius, Hannover 1837, p.  74 ( digitized version ).
  23. ^ Otto Graf zu Stolberg : Ordinances and announcements of the central and provincial authorities. 521. Concerning the ratios for the conversion of the state measurements and weights previously valid in the Province of Hanover into the new measurements and weights established by the measurement and weight system for the North German Confederation . In: Official Journal for Hanover . Piece 29, July 16, 1869, p.  320 ( digitized version ).
  24. Johann Albert Eytelwein : Comparisons of the measures and weights currently and previously introduced in the royal Prussian states, with regard to the most excellent measures and weights in Europe . 2nd, increased edition. Realschulbuchhandlung, Berlin 1810 ( digitized version ).
  25. Measure and Weight Regulations for the Prussian States of May 16, 1816 . In: Paul Stoepel (ed.): Prussian law Codex: An authentic impression of the collection of laws for the Royal Prussian States from 1806 to the latest period included laws, regulations, Kabinetsordres, decrees etc. tape  1. 1806-1834 . Trowitzsch, Frankfurt ad O. 1861, p. 175 ( digitized version ).
  26. ^ Georg Agricola: From mining and metallurgy . In: dtv reprint . Reprint of the 3rd edition. No. 2328 . DTV, 1994, p. 60, 190 f . ( PDF; 1.2 MB ).
  27. Harald Witthöft: Considerations on number, measure and weight in mining and the iron and steel industry. About numerics and material culture in the Middle Ages and early modern times . In: Christoph Bartels , Markus A. Denzel (Hrsg.): Business cycles in European mining in pre-industrial times . Steiner, Stuttgart, p. 133 .
  28. ^ Johann Friedrich Lempe : Bergmännisches Rechenbuch . 1st chapter. Barthel, Freiberg 1787, p.  239 f . ( Digitized version ).
  29. ^ M. Schmidt, yearbook for mining and metallurgy in the Kingdom of Saxony to the year 1889, p. 5.
  30. ^ A b Rudolf Metz: Mineralogical and regional hikes in the northern Black Forest . 2nd Edition. Lahr 1977, p. 597 .
  31. Nuremberg . In: Heinrich August Pierer , Julius Löbe (Hrsg.): Universal Lexicon of the Present and the Past . 4th edition. tape 12 . Altenburg 1861, p. 159–161 ( zeno.org [accessed on March 22, 2010] "City foot of 12 inches by 12 lines = 303.975 millimeters").
  32. Ludger Mintrop : Introduction to the mining of mine sheaths, with special emphasis on coal mining . 2nd, improved edition. Springer, Berlin 1916, p. 34 .
  33. William Rottleuthner: The ancient local weights and measures together with the Aichungsvorschriften until the introduction of metric weights and measures system and the state Aich offices in Tyrol and Vorarlberg . Wagner'sche Universitätsbuchhandlung, Innsbruck 1883, p. 14-22 .
  34. William Rottleuthner: The ancient local weights and measures together with the Aichungsvorschriften until the introduction of metric weights and measures system and the state Aich offices in Tyrol and Vorarlberg . Wagner'sche Universitätsbuchhandlung, Innsbruck 1883, p. 16, 130 .
  35. a b Wilhelm Rottleuthner: The old local measures and weights together with the calibration regulations up to the introduction of the metric system of measures and weights and the state offices in Tyrol and Vorarlberg . Wagner'sche Universitätsbuchhandlung, Innsbruck 1883, p. 32 .
  36. a b c d e f g h i j k l Gustav Wagner, Friedrich Anton Strackerjan: Compendium of the coin, measure, weight and exchange rate relationships of all states and trading cities on earth . BG Teubner, Leipzig 1855, p. VI .
  37. ^ Johann Christian Nelkenbrecher : JC Nelkenbrechers general paperback of coin, measure and weight for bankers and merchants . Sandersche Buchhandlung, Berlin 1820, p. 442 .