Shaft conveyance
As well production is known in mining the movement of products, offset and materials both in seigeren and in tonnlägigen wells and blind shafts . In addition, all operating resources, precautions and facilities that are intended for the extraction belong to the shaft extraction. It includes conveyance from the filling point to the hanging bank .
history
The hand reel is the oldest, simplest and most widespread technology in shaft conveying. Hand reels were used in small shafts down to a depth of about 50 meters. The use of hand reels was at a maximum depth of 100 meters. With the beginning of the devastation of manholes, hand goblets were also used for manhole mining. From the 15th century onwards, horse-powered propulsion replaced propulsion with human muscle power. From the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century, the shaft extraction was mainly carried out with Göpel systems. Over the decades, the types of drive changed from muscle power to hydro-powered drives to steam-powered gaps. At the beginning of the 19th century (around 1809) the first steam engines were installed to mine coal . From 1890, it was operated using electrical conveyor systems. The depths from which the shaft was lifted increased steadily over the years. At the beginning of the 20th century, from depths of 600 to 900 meters, sometimes from just under 1100 meters, were extracted. Since the end of the 20th century, shafts have been lifted in some mines from a depth of over 2000 meters.
Basics
The purpose of the shaft conveyance is to move the conveyed goods from the hanging bench to the filling location or in the opposite direction. The movement of the goods is generally discontinuous. With this type of conveyance, the conveyed material is moved in a discontinuous conveying flow. In the case of solid-water mixtures, the option of hydraulically conveying the material in the shaft is also used. This type of shaft conveyance is known as flow conveyance . The economic efficiency of the shaft hoisting essentially depends on the mechanical equipment of the shaft and the technical equipment of the hoisting machine . In particular, the payload and the speed at which the conveyed goods are moved through the shaft have a major influence on the performance of the shaft hoisting system. Between 1900 and 1958, the tonnage extracted daily from a shaft rose from 1500 tons to over 10,000 tons. In modern shaft hoisting systems, the conveyed goods are moved through the shaft at speeds of over 25 meters per second.
Reel conveyor
In the reel production by means of hand reel, an existing tree is of a round reel mounted above ground in the vicinity of the shaft opening. The bobbin has a crank, the so-called reel horn, which in each case from one on each side of reel extractor is operated. During the promotion, the goods to be promoted are promoted by means of conveyor bins . For loading or unloading, one of the reel pullers has to leave its place, while the other reel puller remains on its reel horn to stop the reel and briefly move the load up or down for maneuvering purposes. The second reel puller now pulls the load out of the shaft and maneuvers it to a designated parking space right next to the shaft. Then he loosens the connection hook on the conveying bin, then the conveying process starts again. According to calculations, a person can lift around 7 kilograms over a long period of time with the hand reel. Due to the idle phases during reel conveying, the so-called average output is around 12 kilograms. In order to be able to lift heavy loads of up to 100 kilograms with this type of shaft hoisting, the reel was equipped so that up to four reel pullers operated the reel at the same time.
Göpelförderung
In the case of the Göpels, the shaft is lifted with the aid of mechanical conveying devices, so-called Göpels. The göpels are powered by animal muscle power, water power or steam. As a result, the Göpel conveyance is clearly superior to the reel conveyance. While the pumping of shafts by means of hydraulic pegs ( water pegs ) was mainly used in mountainous areas, steam pegs were mainly used in coal mines. The conveying speed for steam pegs was between 6 and 13 meters per second.
Paternoster promotion
In some English mines, but also in the Harz mining industry, paternoster works were used for shaft pumping at times. Two endless chains were guided over a shaft equipped with two toothed wheels, which was located in a special frame above the hanging bench. The shaft was moved by an intermediate transmission and was equipped with two gear wheels. At the bottom of the shaft , the two endless chains were diverted using a special device. The two chains were connected with cross bars at a distance of 5.6 meters. In the middle of the cross bars there were hooks into which the conveyor vessels were hung. The paternoster conveyor was only used in shafts with depths of up to 110 meters.
Modern shaft conveyance
In today's mining industry, the shaft is lifted using powerful hoisting machines , the drive and conveying capacity of which is significantly higher than that of the other types of production. The shaft loading is either controlled manually or takes place automatically, the same applies to the control of the hoisting machines. Depending on the depth, several tens of thousands of tons of material and raw materials can be conveyed from or into the pit with such conveying devices. While the loading and conveyance of automatic shaft conveyors works largely without personnel, manually controlled shaft conveyors require a few miners as operating personnel. The landing charge is of so-called Anschlägern made, the operation of the carrier is up to the conveyor machinists . Since both personnel groups have no visual contact with each other, communication between them takes place via signaling devices .
Funding
The funds are used to pick up the material to be conveyed in the shaft. In early mining, the conveyor barrel or the conveyor bucket was used as a means of conveyance . These were connected with hemp ropes or iron chains to the reel or gopel. In modern shaft hoisting there are two different conveying means, the hoisting vessel and the rack-like hoisting cage . Corresponding to the funding, the funding is also referred to as vessel funding or rack funding . The funds are connected to the conveyor rope via so-called intermediate harnesses , which are either firmly connected to the cable carrier as in the drum conveyor or to the other conveyor device as in the Koepe conveyor. In the case of container conveying, the conveying means are loaded automatically; in the case of frame conveying, the loading is either manual or automatic, depending on the system. Both methods of promotion have both advantages and disadvantages. Since fewer operating resources are available for the vessel conveyance, there are fewer sources of interference. However, the container conveying is not suitable for conveying piece goods. For this reason, the rack conveyor is used for material conveyance and cable travel and container conveyance for product conveyance.
communication
In the case of manual shaft conveying, communication between the machine operator and the slinger takes place predominantly via signals or control pulses, so-called exit commands. To avoid confusion, a signal order for the signals is defined by the mine operator. The valid signals and their meaning are indicated on signal boards attached to the respective notices. In special cases, e.g. B. When working in the shaft, special signals are often agreed between the machine operator and the miners working in the shaft.
literature
- Julius, Ritter von Hauer: The conveyors of the mines. 2nd edition, published by Arthur Felix, Leipzig 1874
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 12th edition, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86797-076-1 , pp. 37-53.
- ^ A b Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Introduction to mining . 1st edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1982, ISBN 3-7739-0390-1 , pp. 34-40.
- ^ Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary . 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Hans Bansen (ed.): The mining machines . Fourth volume, The shaft production. Published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1913, pp. 1-5.
- ↑ a b Bergstadt Schneeberg: Mining terms (shaft funding below) (last accessed on January 20, 2016).
- ↑ Wolfgang Weber: Hemp conveyor ropes in the 18th - 19th centuries, manufacture and strengths . In: Bergknappe 90 Online ( Memento from December 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 4.7 MB) (last accessed on March 30, 2015).
- ↑ Planet Wissen: Hard coal mining (accessed on March 30, 2015).
- ↑ a b c Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. Second volume, fifth increased and improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1932, pp. 463–464, 565.
- ↑ a b c d e f Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1961, pp. 452–455.
- ^ Wirtschaftsvereinigung Bergbau eV: The mining manual . 5th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1994, ISBN 3-7739-0567-X , p. 49.
- ^ A b Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining history. Sixth improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903, p. 417.
- ^ Carl Hartmann: Handbuch der Bergbaukunst . Second volume, Verlag Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1852.
- ^ Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. 2nd edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887.
- ↑ Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science . Second volume, 3rd edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1878.
- ↑ a b Mining Ordinance for Shaft and Inclined Conveyor Systems (BVOS) of July 13, 2005 § 19 signals and departure commands.