Vascular promotion

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Head frame of a Saiger shaft with bottom discharge skip

With vessel or skip conveyance , a type of shaft conveyance in mining is described. The debris is thrown into special shaft hoisting vessels hanging on the hoisting rope and brought to the surface with these without a carriage . The shaft hoisting vessels are connected to the hoisting rope via a so-called intermediate harness. The lower rope is attached under the vessels to compensate for the load when the load is being conveyed.

Basics and history

The vessel conveyance was already in the 16th century with simple conveying vessels such. B. Bulging made of leather in the former mining industry. In the course of the years the shapes of the conveying vessels changed, so conveyor bins or conveying buckets were used in this earlier form of vessel conveyance. Either a hand-operated reel or a gopel served as the winding machine . The conveying vessels were in the filling location loaded from the fillers and the slinger hinged by means of a chain Zwiesel to the conveying cable. The filled vessels were then conveyed through the shaft to the hanging bench with the reel or gopel . There, the conveying vessels were poured out onto the hanging bench by miners working above ground , the fallers . This falling process was very dangerous for the miners standing at the filling site, because it happened time and again that individual stones fell from the hanging bench into the shaft and the miners at the filling site could seriously injure them. To prevent this, the shaft openings were closed with roller bridges or sliding doors for days. Another disadvantage of this form of vessel conveyance was that the pauses in conveyance , which were particularly time-consuming when filling and unloading larger conveying vessels. Therefore, in many mountain areas, people started to push the trolleys used for haulage on frames and thus lift the goods. In the hard coal mining in particular, rack conveyance was used instead of vessel conveyance . In African mining, as early as the beginning of the 20th century, container conveyance was carried out with newly developed conveying containers that were mechanically loaded and unloaded. In the European mining industry, this new form of container conveying was initially only introduced very slowly; it was not until the first half of the 20th century that container conveying was increasingly used in European mining.

Modern vascular delivery

Modern shaft conveyor systems are equipped with container conveyors for conveying the products. Skips have opposite conveying baskets the advantage of better Nutz - / Totlastverhältnisses because the trolley must not be mitgehoben. In addition, the volume utilization is much better. Because no trolleys are conveyed, it is not necessary to adhere to minimum widths and lengths. As a result, skips can be made very narrow and long, which reduces the weather resistance and makes better use of the shaft disc . In addition, a significantly smaller operating team is required when conveying vessels than when conveying with frames. The disadvantage is the limited versatility of the skips. Selective conveyance of goods and mountains is hardly possible, rope travel and material conveyance are difficult or impossible.

Vessel types

Skip for a ton-long shaft
Bottom discharge skip for a saiger manhole

The vessels are also called "skips". Skips are particularly suitable for very large, uniform flow rates. There are two types of skips - the dump buckets and the bottom dumpers.

Tipping buckets are the older type and are mainly used for drum conveying . They are best for tonnlägige suitable shafts. Here the vessels run on rails with wheels. They are filled from above and also discharged through the same opening by tilting them. To do this, the container must be tilted forward via an unloading station and thus unloaded. In principle, a dump truck can also be viewed as a guided conveyor barrel.

Bottom emptiers are particularly suitable for saigere manholes. They are also guided in the shaft like conveyor cages. They are filled from above and emptied through the bottom or the side. When the skip reaches the suspended bench, the bottom lock is opened by a mechanism and the container empties itself automatically when the conveyed goods slip out. The skips can be up to 17 meters high, 3.50 meters long and 2 meters wide. At a speed of up to 20 m / s, two skips - depending on the depth - travel up to 30 times an hour through the shaft from the suspended bench to the filling location and back, if one skip is down, the other is up.

commitment

Shafts equipped with a vessel conveyor are usually used exclusively for conveyance. The conveyed material is conveyed to the filling location with the conveyor belt and collected there in a bunker . A measuring pocket is then automatically filled from this. As soon as the empty vessel is in front of the measuring pocket, the contents of the measuring pocket are filled into the conveying vessel. For team experience, there are skips with several shelves that divide the skip into several climbing floors. The retrofitting before each cable journey is relatively complex, so that today it is usually dispensed with and the cable journey takes place on a different conveyor system in the same shaft or in another shaft. This also has the advantage that there are no interruptions in conveyance caused by the cable rides. By means of the container conveyance, in interaction with the corresponding bunkers, a large degree of independence is achieved between the chopping performance, the conveyance of the route and the conveyance of the shaft.

Delivery rate

The delivery rate of a vessel delivery depends on several factors. The conveying capacity is significantly influenced by the depth , the payload, the conveying speed , the length of the breaks and the acceleration and deceleration of the conveying means. In order to increase the conveying capacity, one can essentially increase the payload, increase the conveying speed and reduce the fall pause. In particular, by increasing the payload, the conveying capacity could be increased significantly. The first conveying vessels could lift a maximum of 0.5 tons. A further increase in the payload would have resulted in significantly longer breaks in the fall with these vessels. Modern conveying vessels have a capacity of over 30 tons, which corresponds to the volume of a normal railway wagon. There are now vessels with a payload of 50 tons. The disadvantage of these large conveying vessels is the long loading and unloading times. With modern vascular conveyors, under optimal conditions, this is one second per ton of payload. The conveying speed was increased from 2 m / s to 20 m / s from the beginning of the 19th century to the end of the same century. Conveyor speed and payload must be well coordinated in order to always have the right speed and the right payload at the respective depth. Up to 1000 tons of coal, ore, salt or mountains are conveyed per hour with modern container conveyors.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
  2. ↑ a b c Fritz Herbst: The vessel shaft promotion (skip promotion) and German mining. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for mining interests in the Oberbergamtsgebiet Dortmund (Ed.), No. 32, 49th year, August 9, 1913, pp. 1245–1252.
  3. ^ A b c d e Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, ninth completely revised edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 1955, pp. 425–427, 435–443, 467–470.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Kammerer-Charlottenburg: The technology of load handling then and now. A study of the development of lifting machines and their influence on economic life and cultural history, printing and publishing by R. Oldenbourg, Munich and Berlin 1907, pp. 58, 59.
  5. ↑ a b c Carl Hartmann (Ed.): The latest advances in hard coal mining. Printed and published by Gottfried Basse, Quedlinburg and Leipzig 1850, pp. 152, 153.
  6. ↑ a b c E. P. Brard, Carl Friedrich Alexander. Hartmann: Outline of mining science. With an atlas of 12 copper plates, in August Rücker, Berlin 1830, pp. 243, 244, 247, 248.
  7. ^ A b Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining history. Sixth improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903, pp. 431–458.
  8. ^ A b Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. Second volume, third and fourth increased and improved edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 1923, pp. 460–463.
  9. ↑ G. Felger: The more recent technical development of the vessel conveyance in European mining. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund (Ed.), No. 1, 73rd year, January 2, 1937, pp. 1-9.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h Hartmut Arnold: Conveyor technology in coal mining underground. In: Commission of the European Communities (ed.): General Directorate Scientific and Technical Information and Information Management, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Luxembourg 1978, ISBN 3-7739-0233-6 , pp. 343–354.
  11. ↑ a b c P. Walter: Determination of the payload in the shaft conveyance, in particular the vessel conveyance. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for mining interests in the Oberbergamtsiertel Dortmund (Ed.), No. 16, 67th year, April 18, 1931, pp. 513-523.
  12. ^ A b c d Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1961, pp. 462–471.
  13. ↑ Slonia, Stuehler: Study on safety problems with rope guidance. In: Commission of the European Communities (ed.): Standing Committee on Industrial Safety and Health Protection in the Coal Mining and Other Extractive Industries, Final Report, Luxembourg 1980, pp. 7, 8, 42.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining studies with a special focus on hard coal mining. Second volume, fifth increased and improved edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 1932, pp. 539, 540, 563-571.
  15. ↑ a b c B. W. Boki, Gregor Panschin: Bergbaukunde. Kulturfond der DDR (Ed.), Verlag Technik Berlin, Berlin 1952, pp. 546–557.
  16. ↑ a b Gesamtverband Steinkohle (Ed.): Our hard coal and the district . 1st edition. 2008, p. 25 .
  17. ^ A b Heinrich Aumund, Fritz Mechtold: Lifting and conveying systems. A textbook for students and engineers, fourth revised and expanded edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 1958, pp. 278–280.
  18. ^ Gesamtverband Steinkohle (Ed.): Hard coal mining in Germany . 2003, p. 6 .

Web links

Commons : Skips  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Animation. www.foerdergerueste.de, accessed on August 11, 2013 (animations of various conveyor systems, including a racktowerconveyor with a four-rope friction discand container conveyor).

Remarks

  1. ↑ A Zwieselkette , also called Quenselkette or Schurzkette , is a chain that is used to hang the conveying vessels on the hoisting rope when hoisting the shaft. (Source: Heinrich Veith: German Mountain Dictionary with evidence. )
  2. ↑ Skip is the English word for a closed steel bucket. (Source: Gesamtverband Steinkohle (Ed.): Our hard coal and the district. )