Delivery vessel

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A conveying vessel , also called a shaft hoisting vessel , is a means of conveyance that is used in mining to convey goods . Conveyor vessels have been optimized for the conveyance of bulk materials. Conveyor vessels can only be used to a limited extent for the cable car , and then only after major modifications. Today's conveying vessels originally come from the English mining industry; they are also known colloquially as skip .

Basics and history

Attached conveyor barrel from the 19th century on the hanging bank of the Samson mine in Sankt Andreasberg

The first simple conveying vessels were used as early as the time of Agricola (1494–1555), by means of leather, sack-shaped containers, the so-called bulges , for conveying in small shafts . The disadvantage of these containers was their small capacity. Later on, wooden vessels reinforced with iron fittings were used as conveying bins or buckets . These conveying vessels had different sizes depending on the mining region. In the coal mining industry , conveying vessels for conveying products in shafts were introduced much later. This was primarily because the carbon chunks were crushed by the charge reversal and thereby the amount of pieces of coal has been reduced. In addition, was that most mines various cabbages promoted and wanted to avoid mixing these varieties seeing these a separate treatment had to perform. In some mountain areas, special trolleys were used instead of separate shaft hoisting vessels . These wagons were made of iron, had a bulbous shape and special eyelets were attached to the ends. The wagons were hung on the hauling rope at the filling site by means of apron chains. In the route promoting this tram, however, were of limited use. Another variant that was more applicable was the use of conveyor racks .

Modern conveying vessels

Various new types of vessels have been developed and introduced over the years. Today, the mining barrel is predominantly only used to lift the resulting mountains when sinking shafts. In principle there are three modern types of conveying vessels, tilting buckets, bottom emptiers and swiveling vessels.

Basic structure

The conveying vessels consist of a head frame and a foot frame made of profile steel. A complete frame is created with additional longitudinal and cross members and struts. The most favorable for the construction of the frame is the square shape, which, however, can only be used very rarely. This is due to the extremely poor utilization of the shaft disk due to this shape . For this reason, an elongated rectangular shape is used. The actual bucket hangs in this steel frame. The actual vessel, the payload container, is made of sheet steel. The filling space of the payload container must be dimensioned in such a way that there is a free space of two to three cubic meters in addition to the normal filling. Furthermore, it should not be too narrow, since the wall friction of the conveyed material has a negative impact on narrow vessels. In addition, narrow vessels facilitate bridging of the conveyed material. Attachment plates for the intermediate harness are attached to the head frame. In addition, there are also facilities for shaft guidance on the frame so that the bucket can be guided in the shaft. So that the dead load of the conveying vessels is kept as low as possible, materials with high strength, such as. B. STE 70 is used.

Tipping bucket

Tipping bucket for a ton-long shaft

Tilting bucket are mainly in the ore mining industry in South Africa and North America in tonnlägigen , but also in seigeren used wells in the ore mining. The buckets have a simple and strong structure. They consist of the payload container, which is integrated in a frame. Four wheels are mounted on it. The rear pair of wheels has wider treads. In order to be able to tilt the bucket in the unloading station, an axis is integrated in the frame of the tilting bucket; this axis is pulled in the unloading station over rollers mounted there. The tubs are in the bottom land filled from above and on the pit bank emptied by tilting the entire vessel. The unloading takes place so that the tipping bucket in the uphole unloading station with the front pair of wheels over two horizontally mounted rails and the rear, obliquely extending over two tracks, the larger track gauge is drawn having as the two horizontal rails. Due to the wider treads of the rear wheels, these are drawn further upwards at an angle. As a result, the entire length of the bucket is tipped forward and emptied. A major disadvantage of the tipping bucket is that great motive forces are required for the tipping process when emptying. In addition, the tipping bucket is unsuitable for use with traction sheaves . This is due to the fact that when the bucket is emptied, the load on the hoist rope is greatly relieved by the tilting process, which leads to a rope slip . In addition, the conveyed material is often severely smashed when the bucket is emptied. Another disadvantage is the considerable loss of time due to the heavy deceleration of the conveying machine , which must take place before the container is tipped over. Due to its disadvantages, the tipping bucket could not establish itself on the European market and was replaced by the bottom dump.

Bottom dump

Bottom discharge skip for a saiger manhole

The bucket with bottom emptying , also known as bottom emptying, is designed in such a way that it does not have any of the disadvantages of the tilting bucket. Bottom emptiers can be integrated into existing shaft hoisting systems without any major difficulties. In addition, bottom emptiers can be built for significantly larger payloads than tipping buckets. However, bottom dumpers have the disadvantage that they are heavier than tipping buckets with the same payload. The larger dead load of the bottom emptying device is due to constructions that are built into the vessel interior for gentle sliding. The bucket must have a roof with a removable railing integrated into it. In shafts with two conveying devices, a protective roof must be installed over the roof of the respective vessel to protect miners when entering the shaft . So that the vessel can be safely emptied downwards, the bottom of the vessel is installed at an incline of 50 to 55 degrees. The payload container is emptied via a vessel closure, which is located at the lower end of the vessel. There are three different types of vascular closures, the flap closure, the vertical slide closure and the circular slide closure. The respective vessel closures are opened automatically in the area of ​​the hanging bench. With the flap lock, you can achieve the shortest unloading times due to the fact that it is already activated when entering the unloading and is closed when the conveyor starts up. The disadvantage is that the closure can open while the vessel is full and the conveyed material falls into the sump . The falling conveyed goods can cause damage in the shaft. In the case of the vertical slide valve, the conveying vessel is closed by a flat slide. The lock is guided in rollers and is designed in such a way that it cannot open by itself. The round slide lock is opened and closed again by a nose-shaped construction that swings into the slide system.

Swivel vessel

Swivel vessels are similar in structure to bottom emptiers. However, swivel containers are designed in such a way that the entire base is opened when unloading. This makes it possible that these vessels can also be used to convey heavily caked goods. With this type of vessel, the support frame and the actual vessel are structurally separate. The vessel is designed so that it can be swiveled forward in the frame. In addition, the floor is movably connected to the payload container. Since the payload container is exposed to very heavy wear from the conveyed goods, it is lined with wear linings made of special rubber. At the unloading point, the vessel is pushed forward by means of a pressure cylinder. The floor is pressed up to a stop and thus bridges the free space between the conveyor strand and the unloading bunker . The cylinder pushes the vessel forward until the entire vessel cross-section is exposed and the conveyed material can fall out. After the unloading process, the cylinder is withdrawn, the container closes again and is ready for the next conveyor train.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Technical requirements for shaft and inclined conveyor systems (TAS). Verlag Hermann Bellmann, Dortmund 2005, sheet 7 / 1–7 / 3.
  2. ^ Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
  3. ↑ a b Horst Roschlau, Wolfram Heinze, SDAG Wismut (Hrsg.): Knowledge storage mining technology. 1st edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1974., pp. 263, 264.
  4. ↑ a b W. Sindern, St. Borowski: Safety considerations on shaft hoisting systems for access to a future deep geological repository. Working report NAB 14-75, National Cooperative for the Storage of Radioactive Waste (Ed.), Wettingen 2014, p. 30.
  5. ↑ a b Kammerer-Charlottenburg: The technology of load handling then and now. A study of the development of lifting machines and their influence on economic life and cultural history, printing and publishing by R. Oldenbourg, Munich and Berlin 1907, pp. 58, 59.
  6. ^ A b Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining history. Sixth improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903, pp. 431–458.
  7. ^ A b E. P. Brard, Carl Friedrich Alexander. Hartmann: Outline of mining science. With an atlas of 12 copper plates, in August Rücker, Berlin 1830, pp. 243, 244, 247, 248.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, ninth completely revised edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 1955, pp. 425–427, 435–443, 467–470.
  9. ↑ A. Gaertner: The vessel conveyance and the resulting changes in coal mining. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for Mining Interests in the Oberbergamtsiertel Dortmund (Ed.), No. 7, 59th year, February 17, 1923, pp. 157–165.
  10. ^ Heinrich Otto Buja: Engineering handbook mining technology, deposits and extraction technology. 1st edition, Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin-Vienna-Zurich, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-410-22618-5 , p. 238.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1961, pp. 462–471.
  12. ↑ a b c d e Hartmut Arnold: Conveyor technology in hard coal mining underground. In: Commission of the European Communities (ed.): General Directorate Scientific and Technical Information and Information Management, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Luxembourg 1978, ISBN 3-7739-0233-6 , pp. 343–354.
  13. ↑ a b c d e Liu Bin: Shaft hoisting systems, their design, construction and safety standards. Diploma thesis at the Chair for Materials Handling and Design at the Montan University Leoben, Leoben 2015, pp. 29–32.
  14. ↑ H. Arnold, D. Fuchs, H. Nöller, E. Ulrich: Investigations on increasing the performance of the main shaft, blind shaft and sinking conveyor systems by reducing dead weight. In: Commission of the European Communities (Ed.): Technical Research Coal, Final Report, Bochum 1980, SI
  15. ↑ a b c d Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. Second volume, fifth increased and improved edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 1932, pp. 539, 540, 563-571.
  16. ↑ a b c G. Felger: The more recent technical development of the vessel conveyance in European mining. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund (Ed.), No. 1, 73rd year, January 2, 1937, pp. 1-9.
  17. ↑ Walter Buschmann : Collieries and coking plants in the Rhenish coal mining industry, Aachen district and western Ruhr area. Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-7861-1963-5 , pp. 150–152.
  18. ↑ a b Siemag Tecberg (ed.): BHP Billiton shaft hoisting system , Olympic Dam Mine, South Australia. Technical information, p. 5.

Remarks

  1. ↑ A Schurz chain , also Quenselkette or Zwiesel chain called, is a chain , the buckets are suspended from the conveying cable with in the well production. (Source: Heinrich Veith: German Mountain Dictionary with evidence. )