Conveyor cage

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Expanded cage with three floors in the Malakow tower of the former Hanover mine

A conveyor cage , also referred to as a conveyor frame or simply a frame , conveyor frame , shaft shell or, especially in Austrian mines, conveyor shell, is a means of conveyance that is used in mining to convey material and the mineral resources extracted underground . Conveyor baskets are built in such a way that they can accommodate the trolleys used for conveying routes . As a rule, conveyor baskets are also used for the cable car. For this, however, special safety precautions are necessary.

Basics and history

Conveyor baskets must be designed in such a way that they are as lightweight as possible and still have sufficient durability. This is necessary in order to have the lowest possible dead load . This is particularly important in shafts with great depths , since the dead weight of the hoisting ropes is very noticeable here . In the first few years conveyor baskets were made of wood and fitted with iron fittings for stabilization. Later only steel cages were used. Profile steels with angle, T or U profiles were used here in particular . Over the years a large number of different conveyor racks have been manufactured that are similar in shape but differ in structure. The conveyor frames were usually square in shape, but there were also a few other types. The conveyor racks have between one and four floors; depending on the design, there is space for between one and two conveyor vehicles on each of the floors. The simplest conveyor frame construction is a single-story conveyor frame. Initially, the trolleys were pushed directly onto the floor of the conveyor frames, rails were not used until later. These conveyor racks usually had no roof and were mainly used in blind shafts for extraction. Another area of ​​application was ore mining, where this type of conveyor frame was also used to a small extent in main shafts. However, these simple conveyor racks could only be used at low travel speeds. Wherever larger masses have to be conveyed or where conveyance from greater depths has to be carried out, the conveyor racks must be provided with several supporting floors, with up to two trolleys on each supporting floor.

Modern conveyor baskets

Modern conveyor baskets consist of a stable steel profile construction, which is usually divided into several floors. Each basket has a head frame and a base frame as a base. The head frame has to be reinforced because the hauling rope is attached to it. In the case of traction sheave conveyor systems, the bottom rope is attached to the bottom frame of the basket (base frame) using rope end connectors . Head frame and base frame are connected by means of steel struts, which give the individual frame the necessary stability. These steel struts are installed in the form of longitudinal connections and inclined stiffeners. The height of the individual floors is between 1.8 and 1.9 meters. If the conveyor baskets are also used for the cable car, the minimum clear height between the floors must be two meters. Each floor has a separate supporting floor made of sheet iron. The trays are attached to the steel struts that are located between the head frame and the base frame. Rails on which the trolleys stand are laid on the individual supporting floors . In order for the trolleys to stand still after being pushed onto the basket and not move back and forth, mechanical devices such as B. pawls in the middle of the basket or elevations or depressions on the rails. The side walls are usually clad with metal sheets. To save weight, is used here perforated sheets . Further weight savings can only be achieved by using materials with higher strength. The front sides are open. This is necessary so that the trolleys can also be pushed through when conveying the frame. The hoisting cage is attached to a hoisting rope by means of an intermediate harness and is usually guided in the shaft by guide rails . In order to be able to safely guide the basket through the shaft on the guide rails, so-called guide shoes are located on both sides of the basket on each support base, which allow the basket to slide along the guide rails.

Special precautions for the cable car

When traveling by cable car, special safety precautions must be in place on the cage to protect people on the cage from injury. Since the front sides are open during normal operation, they must be made lockable by means of conveyor cage doors during the cable journey. Doors made of sheet metal or wire mesh are used to securely close the open sides while driving. Specially manufactured wing doors, shutter locks and sliding doors are suitable for this. The best of these three basket locks have proven to be the shutter locks and the sliding doors. Gullwing doors have the disadvantage that they open easily while driving and jump out of the hinges in the event of violent knocks. There must be a space of at least 0.25 m 2 for each passenger on each supporting floor . This minimum space requirement for each person also determines the maximum number of people per support shelf. In addition, appropriate technical measures must be taken to ensure that the people on the basket can be released from the basket if it does not stop at the target stop. In order to be able to rescue people who are on a cage with a hoisting machine that is no longer ready to drive, access openings must be integrated in all supporting floors with the exception of the lowest supporting floor. These openings must be closed with flaps that can be opened from above and below to rescue the stuck. The flaps must be designed in such a way that they do not protrude beyond the profile of the conveyor cage when opened. To prevent the hoist cage from falling into the shaft after a cable break , safety gears were prescribed for the hoist cages used for the cable journey . At the beginning of the 1950s, the safety gears for hoist cages in German mining were again banned by the mining authorities.

photos

  • Passenger cage

  • Modern conveyor cage

  • Shaft facilities and cage from the Harz mining industry

  • Conveyor cage with hunt

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
  2. ^ A b Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871, pp. 166–168, 445.
  3. ^ A b Julius Ritter von Hauer: The conveyors of the mines. Second enlarged and partly revised edition, Verlag von Arthur Felix, Leipzig 1874, pp. 107–117.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1961, pp. 455-460.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g Technical requirements for shaft and inclined conveyor systems (TAS). Hermann Bellmann Verlag, Dortmund 2005, sheet 7 / 1–7 / 4.
  6. ↑ a b c d Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. Second improved edition, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887, pp. 384–388.
  7. ^ Wilhelm Hermann, Gertrude Hermann: The old collieries on the Ruhr. 4th edition, unchanged reprint of the 3rd edition. Verlag Karl Robert Langewiesche, successor to Hans Köster KG, Königstein i. Taunus 1994, ISBN 3-7845-6992-7 ( The blue books ).
  8. ↑ a b c W. Sindern, St. Borowski: Safety considerations on shaft hoisting systems for access to a future deep geological repository. Work report NAB 14-75, National Cooperative for the Storage of Radioactive Waste (Ed.), Wettingen 2014, pp. 5, 15, 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 49, 55, 71, 73.
  9. ^ A b Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining history. Sixth improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903, pp. 431–458.
  10. ↑ H. Hoffmann: Textbook of mining machines (power and work machines). 1st edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 1926, p. 167.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h Hans Bansen (Hrsg.): The mining machines. Fourth volume, The shaft production. Published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1913, pp. 49-77.
  12. ↑ Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, second revised edition and supplemented up to the most recent time, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1874, pp. 88, 96-102.
  13. ↑ Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. Second volume, third and fourth improved and increased edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 1923, pp. 480–483.
  14. ^ A b Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, 4th revised edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884, pp. 131-137.
  15. ↑ a b c d e Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Brief Guide to Mining Studies. Third improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1932, pp. 204-208.
  16. ^ BW Boki, Gregor Panschin: Bergbaukunde. Kulturfond der DDR (Ed.), Verlag Technik Berlin, Berlin 1952, pp. 549–552.
  17. ↑ H. Arnold, D. Fuchs, H. Nöller, E. Ulrich: Investigations on increasing the performance of the main shaft, blind shaft and sinking conveyor systems by reducing dead weight. In: Commission of the European Communities (Ed.): Technical Research Coal, Final Report, Bochum 1980, pp. I – II, 2–7.
  18. ↑ Slonia, Stuehler: Study on safety problems with rope guidance. In: Commission of the European Communities (ed.): Standing Committee on Industrial Safety and Health Protection in the Coal Mining and Other Extractive Industries, Final Report, Luxembourg 1980, pp. 7, 8, 42.