Hunt

Spurnagelhunt from the Transylvanian apostles' pit, 16th century.

As Hunt or dog , (also conveying , run-out , pit , lug or mountain Hunt , but also run chest ) is in mining an open top, elongate rectangular box which is provided with wheels, respectively. The hunt was used for mining in tunnels and routes . Hunte, because of their design, unlike tram , only of people are reciprocated. In addition, the Hunte had a smaller capacity than ordinary carts. The hunt is the oldest four-wheel bucket used in mining.

history

Deutscher Spurnagelhunt, from: Georgius Agricola : De re metallica libri XII , 1556

Hunte were used in mining for several centuries to extract minerals . They developed in the 16th century out of the need to increase the production capacity. Until then, troughs, baskets or trolleys were used for conveyance . In his book De Re Metallica Libri XII , Georgius Agricola describes a four-wheeled wooden cart that is pushed and pushed. The accompanying woodcut is the oldest illustration of a hunt. Since the middle of the 17th century, Hunte were used in the mountain areas of the Harz for underground mining. Since the middle of the 19th century, in the larger mines of the Oberbergischer Kreis, ordinary trolleys were gradually used in place of the Hunte for transporting routes. In most of the other mountain areas, too, the Hunte were exchanged for carts. In the Freiberg mountain area, too, the old Hunte were gradually discarded. Nevertheless, so-called modern pit dogs were used in mining there until the end of the 1960s.

Word origin

The origin of the terms "hunt" or "dog" has not been clearly established.

According to Agricola, the wooden hunts used in the Middle Ages are said to have caused a barking noise when pushed through the Huntstößer on the guide rails (wooden rails), especially in curves.

Adelung mentions the term in connection with the old measure of dog , which appears in Lower Saxony documents from the 13th century. Since baskets were used before the introduction of the hunt, it is quite obvious that the name goes back to this measure of quantity, which corresponds to a quantity of 100 baskets . Adelung called in this context, some derived concepts such as dog runners, dog tugs and dog chain , however, it makes no reference to the verb heunzen , which he in meaning with pull equates and other mining concepts such as Heinz art mentioned.

Another version of the explanation for the origin of the word “Hunt” is the derivation from the Slovak word “hyntow” (= wagon). However, given the proverbial abundance of Germanisms in the Slovak language and especially the fact that technical terms were brought home by Slovak migrant workers (in the Kuk monarchy ), this explanation is highly doubtful. Therefore, the German word is to be regarded as the original and “hyntow” is very likely a Germanism.

In addition, animal names are not uncommon as designations in mining and mechanical engineering, such as B. "Bär" for "counterweight", "cat" or "trolley" for small wagons with pulley blocks, "Teckel" for the small wooden wagons in Westphalia. The term "dog", which is also used for a truck, could have this origin and "hunt" would be a modification of it.

The use of draft animals ( pit horses ) in mining, which was common in the Middle Ages and up to the 20th century, and the term "dog" have led to the use of domestic dogs in some literary reproductions . However, this is a mistake.

Use of terms

The use or use of the term hunt was handled differently in the individual mountain areas. In the past, all four-wheeled conveyors were generally referred to as Hunt. The tram trucks introduced later were also initially referred to as dogs in most mountain areas. However, according to von Rziha , this designation is not entirely correct, as the classic dog used in mining has a slightly different design than the conveyor wagon that was introduced later. Rudolf von Carnall clearly distinguished between dog and truck by assigning both distinct forms. According to von Carnall, for example, the Hunt had a smaller capacity and did not require any guide rods. According to von Carnall, the truck also had four wheels of the same size, which was not the case with dogs. However, there was no standardization in the use of the term, so that in the older mountain areas such as B. the Bohemian lignite mines or in the Freiberg mountain area has retained the term dog for all modern mining vehicles. In the younger coal fields, the designation wagon or trolley was used.

Dog as an additional designation

The word dog was also used in combination with other words and this resulted in other terms. This is how the miner called the wooden railroad tracks on which the hunt was moved as dog bars . The miners who had to haul the ore away with the dog were referred to as dog runner or dog pusher. The entire way the hunt had to be moved on the wooden rails was what the miner called the dog run . If a miner was careless or lazy at work, this was called hanging the dog , standing the dog boy, or pricking dog pound . Another heightened form of laziness has been referred to as everything lies in the dog bed . The phrase “Go in front of the hunt / dogs” is derived from this: because if a miner had worked badly in the old days, he had to pull the dog as a punishment; so everyone who had left the earthly luck came "before the dog".

construction

The hunte initially consisted of a rectangular wooden box. For the construction of the box 3/4 inch thick boards were made and reinforced with iron fittings. Since the hunt was usually used in very narrow pits , the hunt were built correspondingly small. The clear dimensions were only a few inches. The dimensions of the hunt made it possible in ore mining to extract around 150 kilograms of ore per hunt in one operation . All of these Hunte initially had wooden disc wheels that ran on wooden (later iron-reinforced) angle rails. The wheels of all Hunten were without a flange, unlike on the truck. Depending on the position under the box and the size of these wheels, the hunte had to be handled differently. This was due to the different center of gravity of the Hunte, which is either between the four wheels or above the axle of the rear wheels. Cast-iron wheels were later used because of the longer durability and because the Hunt was only slightly heavier and more expensive. To make it easier to keep the Hunt on track, it had to be provided with a track guide. The hunt was led by the side edging of the rails or a truncated iron nail ( Magnus clavus ferreus obtusus ) on the hunt, later known as the so-called guide or track nail .

Types

One differentiates in the history of the hunt between different versions. So there was the German Hunt and the Hungarian Hunt. There were also so-called drag and seam dogs. Strictly speaking, these were no longer dogs, but towing troughs that were provided with rollers or wheels instead of runners. These buckets were moved by pulling or dragging, not pushing.

German Hunt

The Spurnagel- or German Hunt (16th century to mid-19th century) consisted of an (iron-clad) wooden box that could move around 150 kilograms of ore. It had wheels of the same size that were moved on the dog bar, a plank track. Due to the symmetrical attachment of the wheels to the box, the focus of the German dog was in the middle between the two wheel axles. So that the Hunt could be steered better on the linkage, a track nail was mounted under the car body. The track nail led the hunt in the gap between the planks of the dog rod. As a result, the miner needed less skill in the German hunt to push him through the mine workings. However, due to contamination of the track and uneven wear of the guide trough, performance was reduced in the conveyance. In order to better guide the track nail in the channel, it was often provided with guide rollers. But there were also German dogs that were operated without a track nail. With these hunts there was a fork under the box instead of the tracking nail, which with the two pins encompassed a guide rod attached to the rod and the hunt was thereby steered. In addition, it was also possible to move the German dog only on the bare sole without a boardwalk .

Hungarian Hunt

The Hungarian hunt (from 1779 to the middle of the 19th century) was largely similar to a German hunt without a trace nail. It also consisted of a wooden box with iron fittings. The hunt's box was tapered from bottom to top and narrowed from back to front. A handle was attached to the back of the box that could be used to steer the hunt. A piece of plank, the so-called Stürzel or Dexel , was mounted with screws lengthways under the bottom of the box . The axles for two wheels at the front and two wheels at the rear were attached to the piece of plank. The rear pair of wheels had a larger diameter than the front pair of wheels. The rear axle was mounted almost in the middle. As a result, the Huntstößer was able to direct the Hunt with very little effort. To do this, the Hundtstößer grabbed the handle with one hand and pushed the Hunt up over the rear wheels so that the front wheels rose slightly from the ground. The wheels ran on wooden planks or squared timbers, with the latter the car body floor was lower than the treads and thus led the hunt between the square timbers. Due to the fact that the Hungarian Hunt only ran on the rear wheels, the friction on the ground was reduced and the steering of the Hunt was made easier. To steer the hunt in one direction or the other, the hunt pusher used the other hand which he placed against the hunt's rear wall. The Hungarian Hunt was particularly suitable for underground use in ore mines. Especially where the installation of a railroad was not advisable.

Tugboat

As a tow hunt there was the Walzenhunt and the Strebräderhunt .

Walzenhunt

The Walzenhunt is a forerunner of the Strebräderhunt. The box of the roller hunt was 5.5 feet long and six inches high. The volume of the box was 0.2 cubic feet. Longitudinal runners were attached under the floor of the box. These longitudinal runners were 6 inches thick in the middle. The rollers, which had a diameter of 5-6 inches, ran between these longitudinal skids. For the Walzenhunt support was required.

Strebräderhunt

The Strebräderhunt was the successor to the Walzenhuntes. The Strebräderhunt was used in the Mansfeld copper slate mining in order to be able to extract the minerals extracted in the lower face there . The Mansfeld Strebhunt is optimized for the extraction of copper slate . It was about 1.5 meters long and 0.6 meters wide. The height was about 0.25 meters. The Strebräderhunte were made of wood or iron. The woods used were about an inch thick. The Strebräderhunte were pulled by a tractor by means of a hoist. To be able to move the hunt, the tugboat attached the sling gear to his right foot and crawled forward, pulling the hunt behind him. The miners used an armpit and leg board to aid in the crawling process. But mountain boys were also used for this work, known as trekking . A Huntslauf is not required because the sole in copper slate mining consists of the horn bank , which has a firm and smooth surface. With the Strebräderhunt a load weight of 150 kilograms could be conveyed.

Plank track

Huntslauf for Spurnagelhunte

The plank track , also known as hunt rods or hunt run , is a device on which the hunt is moved back and forth. For the Hungarian Hunt, the linkage was just a simple track made of six-inch-thick boards. However, these simple running boards required a certain skill from the dog pusher when handling or steering the hunt. The hunt rod for the German hunt was constructed a little more demanding. It consisted of two boards or posts placed side by side. These boards lay on crosswalks laid across them. In the space between the two boards there was a groove in which the guide nail engaged. If a tracking fork was used instead of the tracking nail, a correspondingly strong tracking stick was attached in the middle of the track, along which the fork slid.

advancement

The old hunt promotion had the advantage that the direction of the hunt could be changed without complicated switches and crossings simply with muscle power by applying pressure on the hunt. This type was also called the German dog frame . It was also possible to mine on uneven or crooked tunnels and without tracks. The hunt was held with one hand and directed with the other hand. The Hunt had to be overturned to empty it. This was done using special lintel stands that were attached over a roll hole , or by tipping over to the side.

The wheel flange came to Germany from England in the 19th century. For the English linkage , it was necessary that straight and level rails were laid on which the wagons run. If the car jumps out of the lane, it stops moving. Due to the lower rolling resistance, however, the conveying capacity could be increased, which is why the English mine car (1842–1915) together with the excavation of aligned tunnels and routes prevailed. The further development of the English mine car is the dump car that is still used today .

Later, the entire railway system developed from the principle of the rail-bound hunt .

Areas of application

Hunt at the blast furnace, Duisburg

Mining

Mining (s) used for the transport Hunt underground of mining material from Abbauort via the underground rail system to the conveyor basket and to the surface. In the Ruhr district of the 19th century, the hunt was also used for mining in the shaft . The hunt is attached to the rope and pulled up in a shaft that takes up several tons.

Steelmaking

The open trolleys on a blast furnace are also called Hunt: a cable-drawn trolley on the inclined ramp for charging a blast furnace with ores and aggregates .

Image examples

Spurnagelhunt, Suggental silver mine

Hungarian Hunt from Romania

Refilling of copper slate from Mansfeld Strebhunten in Hunte for the route funding
Huntslauf, Black Forest, late 17th century

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with documents. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
^ ^A ^b Carl Friedrich Richter: The latest mining and smelting lexicon or alphabetical explanation of all work, tools and artificial words occurring in mining and smelting; collected from the excellent mineralogical and metallurgical writings and compiled. First volume, Kleefeldsche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1805.
^ ^A ^b ^c Johann Heinrich Moritz Poppe: Encyclopedia of the Entire Mechanical Engineering, or complete instruction in practical mechanics and mechanical engineering, with explanations of the associated artificial words, in alphabetical order. A handbook for mechanics - camera operators - builders and everyone who needs and uses knowledge of mechanical engineering, Zweyter Theil, E - I, Verlag bey Georg Boß, Leipzig 1804, pp. 821-827.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Carl Hartmann: Concise dictionary of mineralogy, mining, metallurgy and salt works, along with French synonymy and a French register . First section A to K, printed and published by Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Ilmenau 1825.
↑ Carl von Scheuchenstuel: IDIOTICON the Austrian mining and metallurgy language. kk court bookseller Wilhelm Braumüller, Vienna 1856.
^ Emil Stöhr: Catechism of Mining Studies. Lehmann & Wentzel bookstore for technology and art, Vienna 1875, pp. 143–145.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, fourth improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884, pp. 9-13.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. Sixth improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903, pp. 349–351.
^ Charles Pierre Mathieu Combes, Carl Friedrich Alexander Hartmann: Manual of mining art or the theory of exploration and extraction of usable minerals . First volume, published by Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1844, pp. 189–191.
^ ^A ^b ^c ^d ^e Otfried Wagenbreth : The Freiberg mining industry . Technical monuments and history. Ed .: Eberhard Wächtler . 2nd Edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-342-00117-8 , p. 33-35 .
^ ^A ^b Georg Agricola : De Re Metallica Libri XII . Twelve books on mining and metallurgy. Unchanged reprint of the first edition by VDI-Verlag, 1928 edition. Marixverlag, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 3-86539-097-8 , pp. 126–127 (Latin, "Since it produces a sound when it is driven, which seems to some to be similar to the barking of dogs, they called it a dog.").
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. Second improved edition, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887, pp. 309-312.
^ ^A ^b Wilfried Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 , pp. 78-79.
↑ Alfred Nehls: All wealth lay in the earth. Verlag Gronenberg, Gummersbach 1993, ISBN 3-88265-180-6 , pp. 56-59.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, second revised and up to the most recent edition supplemented, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1874, pp. 9-13.
^ ^A ^b Fritz Heise, Fr. Herbst: Bergbaukunde . second volume. Springer, 1910, p. 269 (In various mining areas the carts are referred to as “dogs”. It was believed that this word had to be derived from Slovak (hyntow), and therefore the spelling “Hunt” was suggested.).
^ Walter Bischoff, Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
↑ Oscar Hoppe: The mines, processing institutions and smelters, as well as the technical-scientific institutions, welfare institutions pp. in the Upper and Lower Harz . Grosse'sche Buchhandlung, Clausthal 1883, pp. 190, 191.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Hans Bansen (Ed.): The mining machines . Sixth Volume, The Line Funding. Published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1921, pp. 31, 32.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Franz Rziha: Textbook of the entire art of tunneling. First volume, published by Ernst & Korn, Berlin 1867, pp. 255–281.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Hans Bansen (Hrsg.): The route funding. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 1908, pp. 50–52.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Explanatory dictionary of the technical terms and foreign words that occur in the mining industry, in metallurgy and in salt works. Falkenberg'schen Buchhandlung publishing house, Burgsteinfurt 1869.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Discovered secrets or explanations of all made-up words and idioms in mines and smelter works according to alphabetical order in two parts. In addition to a short preliminary report by Dr. Georg Rudolph Lichtenstein, by Johann Heinrich Kühnlin, Helmstedt 1778.
↑ Vitus B. Dröscher: They turtle like pigeons . In: Lexicon: Dogs 3rd DB special volume: The digital lexicon of popular errors . Hamburg 1988, p. 688 (cf. LexPI Vol. 2, p. 146).
↑ Christoph Traugott Delius: Instructions to the mining art according to its theory and practice, together with a treatise on the principles of the mountain chamber science, for the Kaiserl. royal Schemnitz Mining Academy. WIER, printed at the expense of the highest AErarii by Joh. Thomas Edlen v. Trattners, kaiserl. royal Court printers and booksellers, 1773, pp. 258–263.
^ ^A ^b Carl Stegmayer: Manual of mining art for everyone. With a preschool in which the necessary knowledge of mountain science - the art of marrowing and the mining law is presented in a generally comprehensible manner, Verlag von JL Kober, Prague 1862, pp. 223-225.
^ ^A ^b Charles Pierre Mathieu Combes, Carl Friedrich Alexander Hartmann: Manual of mining art or the theory of exploration and extraction of usable minerals . In two volumes, second volume, publishing house - printing and lithography by Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1852, pp. 189–191.
↑ ^a ^b Daub: The mining of the Münsterthals near Freiburg im Breisgau, in technical terms. In: CBJ Karsten (Hrsg.) / HvDechen (Hrsg.): Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. Twentieth volume, published by G. Reimer, Berlin 1846
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Wilhelm Leo: Textbook of mining science. For mountain schools and for self-teaching, especially for prospective mining officials, mining entrepreneurs, mine owners etc .; Printed by and published by G Basse, Quedlinburg 1861, pp. 440–442.
↑ ^a ^b J. B. Mayer: Attempt at an Encyclopedia of Mining Art. Printing and publishing by Rud. Friedr. Hergt, Coblenz 1840, pp. 148, 149.
^ Georg Agricola: De re metallica libri XII , Basel 1561, p. 113.
↑ Minerophilo Freibergensi: New and well-established mineral = and mine = lexicon , other edition, by Johann Christoph and Johann David Stößel; Chemnitz 1743.
^ Franz Ludwig Cancrinus: First reasons for mining and salt works , Part Five, Frankfurt am Main 1774.
^ Otfried Wagenbreth : The Freiberg mining . Technical monuments and history. Ed .: Eberhard Wächtler. 2nd Edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-342-00117-8 , p. 274 .
↑ ^a ^b Erdmenger, Der Mansfeldsche Kupferschiefer
↑ Collective of authors: Basic Geological Knowledge . Ed .: Horst Roschlau, Hans-Joachim Haberkorn. 2nd Edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1977, p. 146 .
^ Ulrich Marks-Fährmann, Klaus Restetzki, Alexander Biehounek, Andreas Hegger: Basic knowledge of the railway. EUROPA-FACHBUCHREIHE for industrial-technical education, 9th edition, Verlag EUROPA-LEHRMITTEL, Nourney Vollmer GmbH & Co. KG, Haan-Gruiten 2018, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 , p. 10.
↑ Christian Both: Development of a method for assessing the damage condition of inclined elevator ropes on blast furnaces by means of magnetic-inductive leakage flux measurement. Approved dissertation at the Gerhard Mercator University, Duisburg 2001, pp. 25–27.

Web links

Commons : Hunte - collection of images, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Hunt - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Grubenhunt (photo; exhibit) ( memento from August 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) at www.hochofen-bundschuh.at

Remarks

↑ Although the spelling Hun t is commonly used, it still violates the spelling of the old mining writers (Rössler, Agricola, Kirchmeyer and others), because they used the spelling Hun d . (Source: Franz Rziha: Textbook on the entire art of tunneling. )
↑ Rziha points out that in mining and tunnel construction, conveying vessels with a volume of around 20 cubic feet and wheels of the same size are erroneously referred to as dogs. According to Rziha, the actual dog used in ore mining is a much different transport vessel. (Source: Franz Rziha: Textbook on the entire art of tunneling. )
↑ This was due to the fact that miners who pushed the dog formed the lowest class in the ranking and also received the lowest wages. If a miner from a higher class was assigned to this lower activity, he was practically demoted, and he had thus got into the dog . (Source: Explanatory dictionary of technical terms and foreign words used in metallurgy and in salt works in mining and in salt works. )
↑ According to v. Carnall usually had the design at the German Hunt that the rear wheels were slightly larger than the front wheels. (Source: Hans Bansen (Hrsg.): Die Bergwerksmaschinen . Sixth volume, The route funding. )
↑ In the Freiberg mountain area, the walls of the Hunte were designed differently, here only the side walls converged from bottom to top. (Source: Albert Serlo: Guide to Mining Studies. Volume Two.)

[Quelle_1-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with documents. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.

[Quelle_2-2] A ^b Carl Friedrich Richter: The latest mining and smelting lexicon or alphabetical explanation of all work, tools and artificial words occurring in mining and smelting; collected from the excellent mineralogical and metallurgical writings and compiled. First volume, Kleefeldsche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1805.

[Quelle_28-3] A ^b ^c Johann Heinrich Moritz Poppe: Encyclopedia of the Entire Mechanical Engineering, or complete instruction in practical mechanics and mechanical engineering, with explanations of the associated artificial words, in alphabetical order. A handbook for mechanics - camera operators - builders and everyone who needs and uses knowledge of mechanical engineering, Zweyter Theil, E - I, Verlag bey Georg Boß, Leipzig 1804, pp. 821-827.

[Quelle_3-4] Carl Hartmann: Concise dictionary of mineralogy, mining, metallurgy and salt works, along with French synonymy and a French register . First section A to K, printed and published by Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Ilmenau 1825.

[Quelle_5-5] Carl von Scheuchenstuel: IDIOTICON the Austrian mining and metallurgy language. kk court bookseller Wilhelm Braumüller, Vienna 1856.

[Quelle_4-7] Emil Stöhr: Catechism of Mining Studies. Lehmann & Wentzel bookstore for technology and art, Vienna 1875, pp. 143–145.

[Quelle_10-8] Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, fourth improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884, pp. 9-13.

[Quelle_19-9] Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. Sixth improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903, pp. 349–351.

[Quelle_6-10] Charles Pierre Mathieu Combes, Carl Friedrich Alexander Hartmann: Manual of mining art or the theory of exploration and extraction of usable minerals . First volume, published by Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1844, pp. 189–191.

[Quelle_7-11] A ^b ^c ^d ^e Otfried Wagenbreth : The Freiberg mining industry . Technical monuments and history. Ed .: Eberhard Wächtler . 2nd Edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-342-00117-8 , p. 33-35 .

[Quelle_8-12] A ^b Georg Agricola : De Re Metallica Libri XII . Twelve books on mining and metallurgy. Unchanged reprint of the first edition by VDI-Verlag, 1928 edition. Marixverlag, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 3-86539-097-8 , pp. 126–127 (Latin, "Since it produces a sound when it is driven, which seems to some to be similar to the barking of dogs, they called it a dog.").

[Quelle_9-13] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. Second improved edition, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887, pp. 309-312.

[Quelle_11-14] A ^b Wilfried Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 , pp. 78-79.

[Quelle_12-15] Alfred Nehls: All wealth lay in the earth. Verlag Gronenberg, Gummersbach 1993, ISBN 3-88265-180-6 , pp. 56-59.

[Quelle_24-16] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, second revised and up to the most recent edition supplemented, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1874, pp. 9-13.

[Heise-Herbst-17] A ^b Fritz Heise, Fr. Herbst: Bergbaukunde . second volume. Springer, 1910, p. 269 (In various mining areas the carts are referred to as “dogs”. It was believed that this word had to be derived from Slovak (hyntow), and therefore the spelling “Hunt” was suggested.).

[Quelle_23-18] Walter Bischoff, Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .

[Quelle_22-19] Oscar Hoppe: The mines, processing institutions and smelters, as well as the technical-scientific institutions, welfare institutions pp. in the Upper and Lower Harz . Grosse'sche Buchhandlung, Clausthal 1883, pp. 190, 191.

[Quelle_18-20] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Hans Bansen (Ed.): The mining machines . Sixth Volume, The Line Funding. Published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1921, pp. 31, 32.

[Quelle_20-22] Franz Rziha: Textbook of the entire art of tunneling. First volume, published by Ernst & Korn, Berlin 1867, pp. 255–281.

[Quelle_21-23] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Hans Bansen (Hrsg.): The route funding. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 1908, pp. 50–52.

[Quelle_25-24] Explanatory dictionary of the technical terms and foreign words that occur in the mining industry, in metallurgy and in salt works. Falkenberg'schen Buchhandlung publishing house, Burgsteinfurt 1869.

[Quelle_26-25] Discovered secrets or explanations of all made-up words and idioms in mines and smelter works according to alphabetical order in two parts. In addition to a short preliminary report by Dr. Georg Rudolph Lichtenstein, by Johann Heinrich Kühnlin, Helmstedt 1778.

[Quelle_27-27] Vitus B. Dröscher: They turtle like pigeons . In: Lexicon: Dogs 3rd DB special volume: The digital lexicon of popular errors . Hamburg 1988, p. 688 (cf. LexPI Vol. 2, p. 146).

[Quelle_32-28] Christoph Traugott Delius: Instructions to the mining art according to its theory and practice, together with a treatise on the principles of the mountain chamber science, for the Kaiserl. royal Schemnitz Mining Academy. WIER, printed at the expense of the highest AErarii by Joh. Thomas Edlen v. Trattners, kaiserl. royal Court printers and booksellers, 1773, pp. 258–263.

[Quelle_34-29] A ^b Carl Stegmayer: Manual of mining art for everyone. With a preschool in which the necessary knowledge of mountain science - the art of marrowing and the mining law is presented in a generally comprehensible manner, Verlag von JL Kober, Prague 1862, pp. 223-225.

[Quelle_33-30] A ^b Charles Pierre Mathieu Combes, Carl Friedrich Alexander Hartmann: Manual of mining art or the theory of exploration and extraction of usable minerals . In two volumes, second volume, publishing house - printing and lithography by Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1852, pp. 189–191.

[Quelle_17-31] Daub: The mining of the Münsterthals near Freiburg im Breisgau, in technical terms. In: CBJ Karsten (Hrsg.) / HvDechen (Hrsg.): Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. Twentieth volume, published by G. Reimer, Berlin 1846

[Quelle_35-32] Wilhelm Leo: Textbook of mining science. For mountain schools and for self-teaching, especially for prospective mining officials, mining entrepreneurs, mine owners etc .; Printed by and published by G Basse, Quedlinburg 1861, pp. 440–442.

[Quelle_36-33] J. B. Mayer: Attempt at an Encyclopedia of Mining Art. Printing and publishing by Rud. Friedr. Hergt, Coblenz 1840, pp. 148, 149.

[Quelle_31-34] Georg Agricola: De re metallica libri XII , Basel 1561, p. 113.

[Quelle_29-35] Minerophilo Freibergensi: New and well-established mineral = and mine = lexicon , other edition, by Johann Christoph and Johann David Stößel; Chemnitz 1743.

[Quelle_30-36] Franz Ludwig Cancrinus: First reasons for mining and salt works , Part Five, Frankfurt am Main 1774.

[Quelle_13-39] Otfried Wagenbreth : The Freiberg mining . Technical monuments and history. Ed .: Eberhard Wächtler. 2nd Edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1988, ISBN 3-342-00117-8 , p. 274 .

[Erdmenger-40] Erdmenger, Der Mansfeldsche Kupferschiefer

[Quelle_16-41] Collective of authors: Basic Geological Knowledge . Ed .: Horst Roschlau, Hans-Joachim Haberkorn. 2nd Edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1977, p. 146 .

[Quelle_14-42] Ulrich Marks-Fährmann, Klaus Restetzki, Alexander Biehounek, Andreas Hegger: Basic knowledge of the railway. EUROPA-FACHBUCHREIHE for industrial-technical education, 9th edition, Verlag EUROPA-LEHRMITTEL, Nourney Vollmer GmbH & Co. KG, Haan-Gruiten 2018, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 , p. 10.

[Quelle_15-43] Christian Both: Development of a method for assessing the damage condition of inclined elevator ropes on blast furnaces by means of magnetic-inductive leakage flux measurement. Approved dissertation at the Gerhard Mercator University, Duisburg 2001, pp. 25–27.

[Anm._Rziha.-6] Although the spelling Hun t is commonly used, it still violates the spelling of the old mining writers (Rössler, Agricola, Kirchmeyer and others), because they used the spelling Hun d . (Source: Franz Rziha: Textbook on the entire art of tunneling. )

[Anm._Rziha_2.-21] Rziha points out that in mining and tunnel construction, conveying vessels with a volume of around 20 cubic feet and wheels of the same size are erroneously referred to as dogs. According to Rziha, the actual dog used in ore mining is a much different transport vessel. (Source: Franz Rziha: Textbook on the entire art of tunneling. )

[Anm._WöBu.-26] This was due to the fact that miners who pushed the dog formed the lowest class in the ranking and also received the lowest wages. If a miner from a higher class was assigned to this lower activity, he was practically demoted, and he had thus got into the dog . (Source: Explanatory dictionary of technical terms and foreign words used in metallurgy and in salt works in mining and in salt works. )

[Anm._Bans.-37] According to v. Carnall usually had the design at the German Hunt that the rear wheels were slightly larger than the front wheels. (Source: Hans Bansen (Hrsg.): Die Bergwerksmaschinen . Sixth volume, The route funding. )

[Anm._Serlo.-38] In the Freiberg mountain area, the walls of the Hunte were designed differently, here only the side walls converged from bottom to top. (Source: Albert Serlo: Guide to Mining Studies. Volume Two.)