Line funding
As distance promotion is known in the mining the approximately horizontal moving materials, mineral raw materials, products and offset in underground lines and studs . The conveyance begins with the filling of the conveying vessels and ends at the filling point of the shaft . At the conveyor tunnel, the conveyor ends at the tunnel mouth hole .
Basics
The conveying of the conveyed material can be done in different ways in the case of route conveyance . The route funding should, if possible, be done independently of the actual digging work . funding should also always take the shortest route. In the case of long-distance funding, a distinction is first made between shuttle and continuous funding. With shuttle pumping, a vessel is moved back and forth over a certain distance, it is the older method. On the transport route, the conveying vessel moves the mineral or material to be conveyed or the conveying vessel is moved empty. With the latter method, a discontinuous flow rate is achieved. With continuous conveying, the goods are moved in a continuous flow. This process is used in conveyor belts , scraper chain conveyors or in the spiral chute . A distinction is made between load-bearing, dragging, dragging and rolling conveyance in shuttle conveyance. The commuting is done either with human muscle power, i.e. manually, with animal muscle power or mechanically. A distinction is made between cart, hunt and trough conveying based on the conveying vessels used. As early as 1920, shaking chutes in the face were used for mechanical conveyance in the German hard coal mining industry. Special forms of line conveyance are hydraulic and pneumatic conveyance, in which the conveyed material is conveyed via pipelines installed in the lines.
Manual conveyance
Promotion on the back
The load-bearing extraction was previously used in the mines and in some opencast mines . It was only used for short trips. Here, the material to be conveyed is loaded into carrying containers and carried by a miner , the tractor, to the larger conveyor tracks. With this type of line conveyance, it was possible to convey two to four tons per man and shift over a distance of one kilometer. Under favorable conditions, more tons per man and shift were possible. The manual extraction of hard coal , in particular the so-called pulverized coal, was carried out in linen bags in some mines in the Loire basin in France until the 19th century . The sacks were closed with string, the miner put this string in his mouth so that the sack would not open while it was being carried. The so-called lump coals were placed over the sack. The load to be carried was up to 60 kilograms.
Trough conveyance
Transport by means of a trough was used on short, mostly falling conveyor tracks. Specially shaped sleds or towing troughs were used for conveyance. These vessels were of different sizes depending on the mine. In the coal mines of the Loire basin, the troughs had a volume of 125 to 150 liters, in the mines of Rive-de-Gier the vessels had a volume of 200 liters. The vessels were pulled backwards from the mine by a tractor or pulled to the filling point by means of a pit horse . There they were filled in drums with a volume of up to 10 hectoliters for the shaft conveyance and conveyed over days . In steeply sloping stretches, the towing troughs were conveyed with a simple chain conveyor construction.
Cart conveying
The cart conveyance lies between the load-bearing and the rolling conveyance, since the miner (cart runner) partially carries the load, but also shifts it partially onto the wheel. In most of the mines, single- wheel carts were used to move carts. The volume of the carts depends on the weight of the goods to be moved. The smallest carts were used in ore mining. If the sole had sufficient strength, the carts were rolled directly on the sole or, if the ground was very soft, pushed over walking boards about 0.366 meters wide. Depending on the height of the route, the carts were usually pushed in a stooped position. Cart conveying was only used for small volumes in narrow or low routes with short conveying paths. Over short distances of up to 100 meters, a powerful cart runner can move loads of up to 64 kilograms at a speed of 0.5 meters per second.
Hunte promotion
With hunt conveying, the goods are moved using square boxes, the so-called hunts . The hunt support is suitable for longer, narrow and low, even for winding routes. Of all manual conveying methods, the highest conveying capacities can be achieved with hunt conveying. The haulage is carried out by transport workers who are called Huntstößer because of their work . Heavier loads can be conveyed with Hunte funding. However, the bottom of the conveyor lines must be designed with guide rods for hoist conveyance. With the Hunteförderung, payloads of up to 500 kilograms can be transported by one man. The hunts are conveyed to the shaft and there by means of a rack conveyor for emptying above ground.
Horse promotion
Horse extraction was introduced in the coal mine in the 1850s. Initially the pit horses drove into the pit at the start of the shift and out again at the end of the shift. Horse stables were later built underground and the horses were left underground. Horse conveyance was used where large amounts had to be conveyed several hundred meters away. Trains of 15 to 20 wagons were formed per horse, the horses were led by a groom. In order for the horses to run better, a solid sole was required, which is why the soles were laid with stone or wooden paving. In the case of steeper inclines , the wagons were slowed down by miners using so-called inhibition beaters. The daily working hours of the pit horses were just as long as the working hours of the miners . With horse transport, it was possible to transport 40 to 60 tons per shift over a distance of one kilometer. The work was done in the Gedinge, the subsidized useful power was referred to as ton kilometers. From the 20th century, horse transport in the North Rhine-Westphalian mines was only restricted to routes with unfavorable conditions, e.g. B. stretches with swelling soles or curved stretches are used.
Water pumping
The water pumping is also called navigation pumping and was used on several English coal mines, but also in Silesian and Saxon mining. This type of extraction was used to transport the mined minerals to the extraction shaft or, in the case of tunnel mines, to the surface . Since the creation of the necessary channels was very cost-intensive, the process was only worthwhile for very large flow rates. The channels required for the extraction had to be hewn wide and provided with a wall. At certain points, escape points were created for barges meeting each other. Long barges were used. The barges used in the Mansfeld mining industry had a capacity of approx. 0.665 cubic meters. The water in the relevant conveying section of the tunnel was dammed about 0.5 m high. Since the loading and unloading of the barge turned out to be too time-consuming, the barge conveyance was stopped after only six months of operation.
Machine conveyance
With machine conveying, the conveyance of material and raw material is usually carried out separately. The mined resources are conveyed in the mining sections via belt conveyor systems. In the main routes, the materials and raw materials are conveyed by mine locomotives to the shaft or from the shaft to the operating points. Side or bottom emptiers are used to convey the raw materials , which are filled via special loading points and automatically emptied at the shaft when they pass through an unloading station. The material is conveyed by means of conventional trough wagons or special special designs. In many cases, the material conveyance is also separated from the product conveyance in the main lines and conveyed via conveyor systems that extend to the shaft bunker . The building materials required are conveyed pneumatically via pipes. The material transport in the routes is also increasingly done via monorails , battery trolleys or diesel trolleys. So-called track kulis are used to convey material in the mining routes. Floor conveyors are used to convey heavy loads. In some mines, trackless vehicles are also used for haulage.
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c d e Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1961, pp. 280–287.
- ↑ a b c d e Hans Bansen (Ed.): The mining machines . Sixth Volume, The Line Funding. Published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1921, pp. 1-6.
- ↑ a b c d e f Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Introduction to mining . 1st edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1982, ISBN 3-7739-0390-1 .
- ↑ Carl von Scheuchenstuel : IDIOTICON the Austrian mining and metallurgy language . kk court bookseller Wilhelm Braumüller, Vienna 1856.
- ^ Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence . Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
- ^ A b Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining history. 6th edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903, pp. 346-350.
- ^ Carl Hartmann: Handbuch der Bergbaukunst . Second volume, Verlag Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1852.
- ↑ Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science . Second volume, 3rd edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1878.
- ↑ a b c J. Niederist: Fundamentals of mining science . kk court book and art dealer FA Credner, Prague 1863.
- ↑ CvOeynhausen, HvDechen: About the funding = methods on the coal mines in Königl. Prussian Märkischen Bergamt = district. In: Carl Johann Bernhard Karsten (Ed.): Archives for mining and metallurgy . Seventh volume, published by G. Reimer, Berlin 1823.
- ^ A b c Heinrich Otto Buja: Engineering handbook mining technology, deposits and extraction technology. 1st edition, Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin-Vienna-Zurich, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-410-22618-5 , pp. 96, 297-297, 453-454.
- ^ Wilhelm Hermann, Gertrude Hermann: The old collieries on the Ruhr . 4th edition, Verlag Karl Robert Langewiesche, successor Hans Köster KG, Königstein i. Taunus 1994, ISBN 3-7845-6992-7 .
- ^ A b Emil Stöhr, Emil Treptow : Basics of mining science including processing . Spielhagen & Schurich publishing house, Vienna 1892.
- ^ Wilhelm Leo: Textbook of mining science. Printed and published by G Basse, Quedlinburg 1861.
- ^ Stefan König: Mansfeld copper traces, 200 years of the key tunnel. ( Memento of February 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (last accessed on March 30, 2015).
- ↑ Horst Roschlau, Wolfram Heinze, SDAG Wismut (Hrsg.): Knowledge storage mining technology. 1st edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1974, p. 165.
- ↑ Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. Second volume, fifth increased and improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1932, pp. 397, 398.