Mouth hole

Mouth hole of a tunnel in Johanngeorgenstadt

A mouth hole , even Stollenmundloch called, is in the miners' language the name given to the input of a tunnel at the mine surface. Tunnel mouth holes are usually in the mountains. The generic term for mouth hole and shaft opening is day opening . The entrance to a cave or tunnel is also called a mouth hole.

Structure and task

The tunnel mouth hole is placed in such a way that it lies above the high water level of the valley floor so that the pit water can still flow away during high water. The location of the mouth hole is selected so that there is still a certain pile head height . To protect against water at Stollenmundloch about four will inch high conversation Enge created. In deep-set tunnels, it is often necessary to first drive through larger deposits of loose or rough rock . Since this leads to a mismatch between costs and benefits, tunnel mouth holes are set higher if possible. A deep starting point for a tunnel mouth hole is only chosen in exceptional cases. In the case of brittle adjacent rock, the tunnel mouth hole is secured by a vault made of brick or natural stone. In the keystone of the vault walling, the year of the attack, that is, the beginning of the excavation , is usually incorporated. The external design of the mouth hole also often reflects the importance of the stud. In particular, important drainage tunnels were given in the 18th and 19th Century an elaborate design that is reminiscent of gates. The starting point of the tunnel mouth hole also depends on which rise the tunnel should have at its extreme end. The tunnel mouth hole serves as the entrance to the tunnel operation. Depending on the purpose of the tunnel, fresh weather is fed into the tunnel or pit water is drained away via the tunnel mouth hole . The minerals recovered are from the mine by about Stollenmundloch on day promoted.

Mouth holes in the Olympiastadion Berlin .

architecture

In the architecture of stadium construction , the passages from the field to the outside (under the grandstand ) are called mouth holes .

gallery

Mouth hole of the “Roter Bär” mine in Sankt Andreasberg in the Harz Mountains secured with a door frame
Oral hole in solid rock, slate mountain tunnel on the Wispertalsteig in the Rhine-Taunus nature park
The mouth hole of the "Salomonis Stolln" near Reinsberg (Saxony) made in quarry stone

Simply designed mouth hole of the Reinsberger Rösche in Saxony

Elaborately designed mouth hole of the " Ernst-August-Stollen " in Gittelde (Harz)

Oral hole of the " Reinhold Forster Erbstollen " in the Siegen area

Mouth hole of the Hüttenstollen in Salzhemmendorf-Osterwald

The mouth hole of the "Marie Louise Stolln" in Berggießhübel with the name H. Gruson (mine owner from 1870) in the arch and an artistic sandstone inscription plate

Miners entering the "Gary Mine" in West Virginia (USA) through the mouth hole with the mine train

Mouth hole of the Tiefen Friedrichstollen (today: Sztolnia Czarnego Pstrąga ) in Tarnowitz , Poland

Individual evidence

^ Carl Friedrich Richter: Latest mountain and hut lexicon. Second volume, Kleefeldsche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1805.
^ ^A ^b Fritz Heise , Friedrich Herbst : Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908.
^ Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence . Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
^ Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
^ Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. 2nd edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887.
^ Wilhelm Hermann, Gertrude Hermann: The old collieries on the Ruhr (series: The Blue Books ). Verlag Langewiesche Nachhaben, Königstein im Taunus, 6th, expanded and updated edition 2008, ISBN 978-3-7845-6994-9 , p. 324.

Web links

Commons : Oral Holes - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Stollen mouth holes & tunnel portals from Germany Photos & information, historical facts about old and new mouth holes, but also mouth holes that were actually considered to be lost
Collection of mouth holes - pre-industrial and industrial mouth holes

[Quelle_2-1] Carl Friedrich Richter: Latest mountain and hut lexicon. Second volume, Kleefeldsche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1805.

[Quelle_1-2] A ^b Fritz Heise , Friedrich Herbst : Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908.

[Quelle_4-3] Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence . Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.

[Quelle_3-4] Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .

[Quelle_6-5] Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. 2nd edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887.

[Quelle_5-6] Wilhelm Hermann, Gertrude Hermann: The old collieries on the Ruhr (series: The Blue Books ). Verlag Langewiesche Nachhaben, Königstein im Taunus, 6th, expanded and updated edition 2008, ISBN 978-3-7845-6994-9 , p. 324.