Driveway

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Driveway

When Drift excavation , tunneling or just excavation or tunneling is known in mining to create a horizontal or inclined mine construction . Driving up means to create a certain length of a route by removing the rock . In doing so, only one state is achieved until further installation , so an excavated pit is only in the shell state. To create a tunnel or a route used in mining, the terms drawdown or exit .

Basics

Wanted in the early mining a Hauer in the mining hierarchy level up, z. B. to double or full tusk, he had to create a certain length of a local route as a test piece. This work was then called “opening up the Häuergedinge” . In today's modern mining is discriminated in the Drift excavation between the driving of pure rock routes and the driving of degradation routes . Before the excavation of the respective mine works, the entire work process and the route must be planned accordingly. Every new mine excavation must have a certain minimum cross-section. This cross-section depends on the later use of the respective mine. Depending on the strength of the mountain through which it has penetrated and the load on the route from the rock pressure , an appropriate route extension must be introduced.

Planning and organization

The excavation of a mine must be planned and organized. First of all, the direction, the ascent and the height and width of the route or tunnel must be determined. The operational sequence must be determined on the basis of the given data. The local workforce must be put together. For this, the workforce must first be determined based on the specified requirements. Employees must be selected based on their suitability. In addition, the required equipment must be planned and compiled. During operation, compliance with the regulations and the work processes must be regularly monitored by the supervisors . Deviations must be corrected accordingly. In modern mining, the route excavation can be planned and organized using modern management techniques such as lean processing.

Manual opening

In the case of solid rock, driving up the route by hand is usually done with mallets and iron. The use of a wedge hoe is sufficient for mild or brittle rock . In order to make the work effective, the surfaces to be processed are first examined for weak points. Weak points in the mountains are gaps and strata . But the minable mineral can also be used as a weak point. So the coal is soft enough to work with the tough . Taking advantage of these weak points, the recovery iron is now driven into the rock by means of blows. This causes fine rock particles to split off. This work is called Schrämen . The purpose of this first and most important activity on the face is to break in. This dip should have a depth of 200 millimeters or more. The collapse robs the mountains of their inner support and it is easier to break off. The rule here is that the easier the break-in is to create, the faster the location advances. The surrounding rock can now easily be driven into this break-in using mallets and iron work. Another way of working the face is to cut small furrows or channels from bottom to top or vice versa, parallel to the rock. The width and depth of the furrows depend on the experience of the tusk. Basically, the furrows should have a distance and a width of about 30 to 40 millimeters. The depth of the individual furrows should be 25 to 35 millimeters. This creates several parallel furrows with ridges in between. Then the remaining burrs are blasted off with a mallet and iron.

With this type of manual road driveway, the driveway length for a two-square-meter cross-section is one to two centimeters per tiller and shift. The cross-section of a route driven in this way is usually trapezoidal. The roof area is shaped upwards in a semicircle. Occasionally such excavated places are also box-shaped. The advantage of this approach is that the mountains are spared and often no expansion is needed. In places where the rock is too hard, it is no longer possible to work with the striking tools. Here you are forced to break up the rock by exploiting the expansion stresses by setting fire or by using the swelling power of water-soaked wooden wedges. The crumbling stone can then be broken out using a wedge pick or crowbars or mallets and irons.

Conventional approach

Conventional road driving at the beginning of the 20th century

In the conventional driveway, the rock is extracted to create the mine workings by means of drilling and shooting . Various work steps and activities for creating the mine are carried out. In addition to drilling and shooting , this also includes filling the boreholes. Other activities include loading, tearing and bringing in the interior. All these activities proceed according to a given scheme. When all the boreholes have been made, the holes are filled and then the blasting is carried out. After the blast swaths have warped, first the roof, then the joints and the face are torn. Then the roof is secured and the face protection is attached. The roof is now being expanded and the first blast holes are being created above the heaped embankment. The heap is then removed. Then the joints are removed and the rest of the pile is removed. Finally, the remaining blast holes are created, after which the cycle starts all over again. During the driveway, drive-up performances of eight meters per day and sometimes even more are achieved.

Blasting work was first successfully used in mining in Upper Hungary at the beginning of the 17th century. In the German mining industry, blasting work was used in the Harz mining area in 1632 . The drill holes were initially made by hand using a drill rod. Two men were required for this work. The boring bar consists of a round bar with a diameter of 24 millimeters. At one end of the drill rod there is a chisel-shaped cutting edge made of steel. This cutting edge is a little wider than the round iron. Different shaped drill tips are used depending on the mineral to be processed. The cutting edge is set at the appropriate point and driven into the rock with hammer blows. As soon as the cutting edge has penetrated the rock a few millimeters, the drill rod is rotated a little by hand around its own axis after every second blow. This process is repeated until the borehole has reached a depth of about 70 centimeters. There were also mountain areas where the boreholes were drilled to a depth of around one meter. The two drills had to drill two holes per shift. Gunpowder used to be used for detonation . The demolition was made by a climber. The pile is then removed by hand.

The drilling and blasting techniques have been improved over the years. With the invention of the rock drilling machine in 1857 and nitroglycerin in 1862, a significant improvement in the speed of the excavation could be achieved. In the middle of the 19th century, mechanical drilling using compressed air prevailed in the mines of the Harz mountain region. New high-performance rotary hammers were developed for driving the road. In today's mining, the boreholes are created using drilling vehicles . More and more powerful models have been used here over the years. By using large-caliber boreholes, the time required for drilling and shooting work has been reduced by 20 percent. In order to reduce the outbreak, and thus at the same time to reduce the Hinterfüllarbeit is in the ridge region and the lateral shocks by means of detonating cord blown up. Modern forage wagons are used for loading in today's mining industry. The rock that has been blown in is carried away via loading tanks and conveyor belts . Crushers are used to break up larger pieces of rock . Working platforms are used to assemble the extension.

Mechanical road driving

Mechanical drive-up with a full-face machine
Mechanical road driving with a roadheader

When driving mechanically, the rock is extracted using tunneling machines. Mainly full headers and roadheaders are used . In individual cases, continuous miners have already been used, e.g. B. used at the Lower Rhine colliery. With this machine, driving speeds of up to 23 meters per day were achieved. In the British mining industry, the accompanying lines are driven as tracked lines with impact machines. With these machines, the bedrock in the routes only has to be torn down. The disadvantage of tunneling machines is that they can only be used to a limited extent in very solid rock.

The first tunneling machines were used in mining in the 20th century. In the 1960s, the first full-face tunneling machines were used in German hard coal mining for test purposes. In 1970, the Minister Stein colliery saw the first use of a full-face cutting machine to excavate a rock section. Due to their design, full headers can only create circular route cross-sections. Daily driveways of up to 25 meters can be achieved in the driveway. In order to be able to assemble the machines underground , an assembly chamber adapted to the machine length and a launch tube of several meters in front of the assembly chamber must first be conventionally constructed. After the machine has been assembled, it is driven into the launch tube by means of a feed and there begins the actual fully mechanical tunneling. The loosened rock is then conveyed away via a trailer connected to the machine via pull rods . Scraper chain conveyors and conveyor belts are used in the back-up for conveyance .

The roadheaders also used to drive the road have the advantage that they can be used to create any road cross-section. With these machines, track cross-sections of up to 20 m 2 with daily drives of more than 20 meters can be created. The loosened rock is applied to the downstream conveyor belt via a loading tank. Quarrying roads with mild side rock can be created very well with roadheader machines. The disadvantage of TSM drives is that the driveway has to be stopped during the paving of the route extension. This can be partially compensated for by using additional anchor extensions .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7
  2. ↑ a b c Explanatory dictionary of the technical terms and foreign words that occur in the mining industry, in metallurgy and in salt works . Falkenberg'schen Buchhandlung publishing house, Burgsteinfurt 1869
  3. ^ Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962
  5. ↑ a b Bernd Langhanki, Walter König: Lean Processing as a motor for increasing efficiency and holistic optimization in driving up the road. In: Ring Deutscher Bergingenieure eV (Hrsg.): Mining. Makossa Druck und Medien GmbH, Gelsenkirchen October 2010, ISSN  0342-5681 , pp. 442-449
  6. ↑ F. Freise: Alignment, device and mining of hard coal deposits. Publishing house by Craz & Gerlach, Freiberg in Sachsen 1908
  7. ↑ a b c d e Carl Hartmann: Handbuch der Bergbaukunst. First volume, Verlag Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1844
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 12th edition, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86797-076-1 .
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Wilfried Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 .
  10. ↑ a b c Der Bergwerksfreund, a newspaper for miners and smelters, for trades, as well as for all friends and promoters of mining and related trades. Volume fourteenth, printed and published by Georg Reichardt, Eisleben 1851
  11. ↑ a b c d Georg Haupt: The tunnel systems. Guide for miners and tunnel builders, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884
  12. ^ Gerd Weisgerber : Mining archeology . Continuation 2. In: Association of Friends of Mining in Graubünden. (Ed.): Berg-Knappe. No. 58, Volume 15, November 1991, pp. 2-5
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Heinrich Otto Buja: Engineering manual mining technology, deposits and extraction technology. 1st edition, Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin-Vienna-Zurich, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-410-22618-5 .
  14. ↑ Heinz Walter Wild: Invention and expansion of blasting work in mining. In: Association of Friends of Mining in Graubünden (ed.), Bergknappe , No. 30, 8th year, November 1984, pp. 14-21.
  15. ^ Emil Treptow: The history of mining in the 19th century. Lecture given to the Natural Research Society of Danzig, Verlag von Graz & Gerlach, Freiberg i. Saxony 1901
  16. ↑ Top performance in cross pass tunneling . In: Deilmann-Haniel GmbH. (Ed.): Our company, company magazine for the companies of the Deilmann-Haniel Group. No. 9, printed by A. Hellendoorn, Bentheim December 1971, pp. 21-22
  17. ↑ Karl-Heinz Wennmohs: Significant innovations in conventional tunneling technology through a new generation of drilling jigs . In: Ring Deutscher Bergingenieure eV (Hrsg.): Mining. Makossa Druck und Medien GmbH, Gelsenkirchen June 2009, ISSN  0342-5681 , pp. 252-258
  18. ↑ Josef Lürkens: Drilling and shooting work when driving rock stretches . In: Deilmann-Haniel GmbH. (Ed.): Our company, company magazine for the companies of the Deilmann-Haniel Group. No. 13, Dortmund January 1974, pp. 22-23
  19. ^ F. Erlacher: Drilling and blasting work on the Westphalia mine. In: Deilmann-Haniel GmbH. (Ed.): Our company, company magazine for the companies of the Deilmann-Haniel Group. No. 18, printed by A. Hellendoorn, Bentheim November 1978, pp. 20-21
  20. ↑ K.-H. Brümmer: Fully mechanical excavation of rock stretches, planning of the entrepreneurial first use in hard coal mining. In: Deilmann-Haniel GmbH. (Ed.): Our company, company magazine for the companies of the Deilmann-Haniel Group. No. 6, printed by A. Hellendoorn, Bentheim November 1970, pp. 2-7
  21. ↑ K.-H. Brümmer: Fully mechanical excavation of rock stretches, planning of the entrepreneurial first use in hard coal mining. 1. Continuation, In: Deilmann-Haniel GmbH. (Ed.): Our company, company magazine for the companies of the Deilmann-Haniel Group. No. 7, printed by A. Hellendoorn, Bentheim February 1971, pp. 17-18
  22. ↑ Ulrich Wessolowski, Wolfgang Harsch: Fully mechanical excavation of rock stretches, planning of the entrepreneurial first use in hard coal mining. 2. Continuation, In: Deilmann-Haniel GmbH. (Ed.): Our company, company magazine for the companies of the Deilmann-Haniel Group. No. 8, printed by A. Hellendoorn, Bentheim July 1971, pp. 12-17