Shooting (mining)

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Documentation of mining shooting from the whole in Freiberg 1767

Shooting designated mining blasting method of the outbreak and loosening of rock during excavation of tunnels , paths and the drilling of wells in the mining industry with the help of explosives . In the mining industry, demolition masters are derived from this as shooting masters and their assistants are referred to as shooting engineers .

history

Two houses while drilling

Up until the beginning of the 17th century, ores or minerals were extracted mechanically by hand in mining. Then the method of extraction by blasting gradually began to prevail. The statement that drilling and shooting were invented in Freiberg in 1613 comes from August Bayer , who wrote them in his book behind the 1613 yield figures. However, these statements refer to a Freiberg exploitation sheet from the quarter of Trinity 1715. Documentary evidence of this statement is still missing today. The earliest evidence to date for the use of the shooting technique comes from Le Thillot in the Vosges for the year 1617. In 1627 attempts in the then Hungarian Schemnitz to use the blasting technique in mining are attested. The Tyrolean citizen Kaspar Weindl detonated the first official explosive shot on February 16 of that year in front of a large audience. Shooting was introduced in Clausthal from 1632 and also in Saxony from 1643. Shooting from the whole is mentioned for the first time in the Churkölln Mountain Regulations published on January 2, 1669 . In Saxony, shooting from the whole is prescribed in the tunnel regulations of Elector Friedrich August II. From 1749.

Basics

In the early years the miners filled the gunpowder into natural crevices in the rock and then detonated it. It was only later that people started drilling holes in the rock. Mining shooting is subdivided into the two activities “making the boreholes” and then “filling and clearing the boreholes”. In the first centuries after the introduction of blasting in mining, black powder was used as an explosive . " Gaining in " the rock with the help of powder was called shooting. The individual boreholes were called "shots" and talked about "dismissing the shots". Due to the similarity of the configuration with the muzzle-loaders common at the time , this method of blasting was called "shooting".

The drilling work

Manually made drill pipe, Suggental mine, approx. 1785
Modern firing scheme (numbers indicate the firing delay in milliseconds)

First of all, boreholes are driven into the face . The holes were made manually in the first centuries by the Hauer with the beaters on the end of the rod iron suggested, this then 'transposed' (a third turned so that the chisel blade sat at another location in the borehole bottom), and then the next stroke led. The drill dust was then removed from the borehole using a drill scraper . Due to this complex process, only a few drill holes were drilled in the first few years. As a rule, the drill holes were made by two drill bits who had to drill two drill holes per shift. But it also happened that a single tusker needed several days to create a single borehole one meter long, depending on the hardness of the rock, and for this he received a wage of just 16 groschen and 4 pfennigs. In modern mining, the boreholes are made using manual rotary hammers or automated drilling vehicles as part of mechanical driving. In order to achieve an optimal shooting result, the drill holes are created according to a previously calculated drilling pattern. It is important to achieve a weakening of the rock by means of a collapse at one point in the face . The diameter and length of the boreholes has been adapted over the years to the conditions on site. In the early years of the drilling work, the boreholes were made with a length of around 70 centimeters, up to one meter , depending on the mining area , the borehole diameter was around 64 millimeters. In modern mining the holes are in the Drift excavation produced with a length between two and three meters (in the salt mining at Strossenbau have the holes even to ten meters in length). Which borehole diameter is created depends on the recoverability of the rock and thus on the explosives required. The drill hole diameter is adapted to the diameter of the explosive cartridges used and is between 25 and 55 millimeters, depending on the cartridge used.

The blasting work

The drilled holes are loaded with explosives, dammed up and then detonated. In order to achieve good shooting results, certain requirements were placed on the powder used. The powder was not allowed to have a too coarse grain and had to be uniformly round or obtuse. In addition, it couldn't be wet and had to burn off quickly and evenly. The powder and the other material required for shooting were stored on site in a wooden box, the shooting box, also known as the shooting basket. For tamping of the drill holes are materials such as Latvians or sand. Often a suitably shaped wooden stick, the shooting peg, also called a shooting plug, was used, which was hammered into the loaded borehole in order to dam it. Correct damming of the boreholes is of great importance, since an improperly or insufficiently dammed charge, when ignited, only flings out the stock and does not destroy the rock. The miner says that the shot whistled or was blown out. The remaining drill holes with traces of smoke are called a pipe or fox . When black powder was used at that time, ignition took place via fuses . When the shooter lit the fuse, he shouted the words “it burns”. Then every miner knew that an explosion was about to take place and quickly moved away from the site of the explosion. This warning call is still used today in mining before the charge is ignited.

Until the first half of the 19th century, black powder remained the sole explosive in mining. Today, instead of black powder explosive explosives used. In the hard coal mining in particular , special weather explosives are used to avoid firedamp explosions . These explosives are ignited electrically. For this purpose, the detonators of the respective charges are connected to one another in series or in parallel . There are also mixed series / parallel connection, such as the three-antenna connection, and the group-wise parallel connection. The miner calls these interconnected detonators a detonator chain . After the interconnection of the detonators, after the connections by means of resistance measuring instrument , and were visually checked by means of current from a blasting machine ignited. The explosives, detonators and detonators are deposited either above or below ground in specially equipped explosives storage facilities. Those authorized to shoot carry small amounts of explosives and detonators, which are required for daily shooting, in a portable box. Unused explosives and detonators must be locked again in the explosives store at the end of the shift.

hazards

Shooting is associated with great dangers, especially in coal mining. Since the substances used in shooting are substances in which large amounts of energy are stored, these substances must be handled very carefully. Inappropriate execution of the shooting work or carelessness, negligence, willful or criminal intent when handling these substances, can lead to major accidents. In hard coal mining in particular, two sources of danger must be taken into account when shooting, the outgassing of methane and the occurrence of airworthy coal dust. Even very small quantities of less than a gram of black powder or a few grams of dynamite can trigger a firedamp explosion if ignited . Coal dust is blown up with an openly ignited charge of 40-80 grams of black powder . In addition to these dangers, which can be caused directly by the ignition of the explosive, there are also dangers for people who can be caused by poisonous blasts. There are also explosives that are prone to spontaneous combustion if improperly stored.

Regulations and laws

Shooting in underground mining may only be carried out by persons authorized to shoot, such as B. be carried out to the shooting master. In addition, a large number of laws, ordinances and regulations must be observed for the execution of the shooting work. The law on explosive substances (Sprengstoffgesetz) including its amendments, the first to third ordinances on the Explosives Act and the general administrative regulations on the Explosives Act (SprengVwV) must be observed. Furthermore, the guidelines of the respective responsible mining authority for the handling of explosives in the mining supervision area must be observed. In addition, the DGUV rules for blasting work DGUV 113-016, as well as the rules for personal protective equipment must be observed.

literature

  • Christoph Bartels : From the early modern mining industry to the mining industry - ore mining in the Upper Harz 1635–1866 . Bochum 1992, ISBN 3-921533-53-8 .
  • Karl-Heinz Ludwig: The innovation of powder blasting by mining . In: The cut . Volume 38, Issue 3/4, 1986, p. 117-122 .
  • Heinz Walter Wild: Beginnings and development of mining drilling and blasting technology . In: Leoben Green Hefts . Lectures at the 4th Erzberg Symposium in Eisenerz / Styria. Vienna 1992.
  • Wilhelm Gröbl: The dangling drilling compared to the usual hand drilling . In: Oesterreichische Zeitschrift für Berg- und Hüttenwesen . Born in 1829. Vienna 1881.
  • Author collective: The blasting party in mining and in the stone and earth industry . Ed .: SDAG Wismut. 3. Edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1977 (204 pages).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d G. Lathan: Drilling and shooting in mining . tape II . Fachbuchverlag, Leipzig 1958, p. 58 f .
  2. ↑ Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. First volume, fourth revised edition and supplemented up to the most recent time, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884, pp. 215-218.
  3. ↑ A. Beyer: The blessed Marckgrafthum Meißen, of underground treasures and wealth of all metals and minerals . Johann Christoph Krause, Dresden 1732, p. 6
  4. ^ Pierre, Francis: Les mines de cuivre et d'argent de la Haute Moselle. In: Lotharingia. 5, 1993, pp. 91-159.
  5. ↑ Eberhard Czaya: The silver mining . Köhler & Amelang, Leipzig 1990, ISBN 3-7338-0035-4 .
  6. ^ A b Eduard Brun: The beginnings of blasting technology in mining in Switzerland. In: Association of Friends of Mining in Graubünden (ed.), Bergknappe , No. 53, 14th year, August 1990, pp. 15–21.
  7. ↑ Christian Wilhelm Fridrich SCHMID, Brief history of the invention of Meis African mines and the development of its technology, Freiberg
  8. ↑ Thomas Wagner (ed.): "Corpus iuris metallici recentissimi et antiquioris - collection of the newest and older mining laws." Published by Johann Samuel Heinsis, Leipzig 1791, p. 867.
  9. ^ Hermann Brassert: Mountain Orders of the Prussian Lands. Eisen Verlag, Cologne 1858, p. 459.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g Heinz Walter Wild: Invention and expansion of blasting work in mining. In: Association of Friends of Mining in Graubünden (ed.), Bergknappe , No. 30, 8th year, November 1984, pp. 14-21.
  11. ^ A b Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining history. Second improved edition, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887, pp. 149, 183-198.
  12. ^ Carl Friedrich Richter: Latest mountain and hut lexicon. Second volume, M – Z, Kleefeldsche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1805.
  13. ↑ a b c d Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
  14. ↑ a b c d e Horst Roschlau, Wolfram Heinze, SDAG Wismut (Hrsg.): Knowledge storage mining technology. 1st edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1974, pp. 41–58.
  15. ^ A b Wilfried Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 , pp. 66, 67.
  16. ^ A b Walter Bischoff, Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
  17. ↑ a b c d Helmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, ninth completely revised edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 1955, pp. 151–163.
  18. ↑ a b c d e Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 12th edition, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86797-076-1 , pp. 102, 103, 118–121, 128–137, 145, 146.
  19. ↑ K. Kegel: Textbook of mountain economy. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH, Berlin Heidelberg 1931, pp. 305-307.
  20. ^ A b Tilo Cramm, Joachim Huske: Miners' language in the Ruhr area . 5th revised and redesigned edition, Regio-Verlag, Werne 2002, ISBN 3-929158-14-0 .
  21. ^ Wilhelm Leo: Textbook of mining science. Printed by and published by G Basse, Quedlinburg 1861, pp. 150–153.
  22. ↑ Carl von Scheuchenstuel : IDIOTICON the Austrian mining and metallurgy language. kk court bookseller Wilhelm Braumüller, Vienna 1856.
  23. ↑ Fritz Heise: Explosives and detonation of high explosive shots with special consideration of the fire weather and coal dust danger in coal mines. Published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1904, pp. 3, 4.
  24. ↑ a b c Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, fifth improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1923, pp. 159, 214-229.
  25. ↑ Helmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. First volume, tenth completely revised edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1961, pp. 217–220.
  26. ^ W. Schlueter: The police regulations on explosives in mining. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund (Ed.), No. 2, 72nd year, January 11, 1936, pp. 36–42.
  27. ↑ a b c European Coal and Steel Community (ed.): The vocational training in hard coal mining in the countries of the Community. Luxembourg 1956, pp. 98-104.
  28. ↑ Klaus Grund: Investigations into the development of the teaching and research mine of the TU Bergakademie Freiberg - Das Bergwerk 2000+. Approved dissertation at the Faculty of Geosciences - Geotechnical Engineering and Mining of the Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg 2010, p. 150.
  29. ↑ Sächsisches Oberbergamt (Hrsg.): Guideline of the Sächsisches Oberbergamt for the handling of explosives in the mining supervision area (Guideline Sprengwesen - RL SpW). Freiberg 1996.
  30. ^ German statutory accident insurance eV (ed.): Explosive works. DGUV rule 113-016, Berlin 2015.

Web links

Commons : Blasting Rocks  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ The terms shooting master, shooting tiller and authorized shooter are used, as well as chief shooting master and shooting climber. Furthermore, the demolition master (above ground) is separated from the shooting master (underground). All of these persons are authorized to shoot, the shooting master exercises blasting as his main occupation, while the shooter blasts as part of his work. Chief shooting master and shooting climber are superiors. (Source: G. Lathan: Drilling and shooting in mining. )
  2. ↑ Shooting from a whole is the term used to describe shooting without the aid of other rock work. For a long time this form of shooting was considered impracticable and support was given to blasting the rock out of the entire rock block by undercutting the face. Shooting had taken the place of driving wedges and for a long time was considered pure rework. (Source: Heinrich Veith: German Mountain Dictionary with evidence. )
  3. ↑ In the past, in mining, loading the explosives and damming the boreholes were seen as one activity and referred to as occupation. (Source: Heinrich Veith: German Mountain Dictionary with documents. ) In modern mining, a distinction is made between loading and occupying. Loading is the introduction of the explosives into the boreholes and occupation is the damming of the boreholes. (Source: Tilo Cramm, Joachim Huske: Miners' language in the Ruhr area .)
  4. ↑ As Wegthun , even away do , shoot , shoot away or infected referred to inducing inflammation of the powder contained in the drill holes. (Source: Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with documents. ) Another name for igniting the charge is dismissal . (Source: Helmut Fritzsche: Textbook of Mining Studies with a special focus on hard coal mining. First volume )
  5. ↑ With powder was meant the gunpowder commonly used at the time. (Source: Carl Friedrich Richter: Latest Mountain and Huts Lexicon. )
  6. ↑ A miner who carried out the shooting work used to be referred to as a Schiesser. (Source: Heinrich Veith: German Mountain Dictionary with evidence. )