Ernst-August-Stollen

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Ernst-August-Stollen
General information about the mine
Gittelde mouth hole Ernst-August-Stollen 03.jpg
Portal structure of the mouth hole
Information about the mining company
Start of operation 1851
End of operation 1992
Funded raw materials
Degradation of
Geographical location
Coordinates 51 ° 47 '45 "  N , 10 ° 11' 28"  E Coordinates: 51 ° 47 '45 "  N , 10 ° 11' 28"  E
Ernst-August-Stollen (Lower Saxony)
Ernst-August-Stollen
Location Ernst-August-Stollen
country State of Lower Saxony
Country Germany

The Ernst-August-tunnel is the youngest, longest and deepest water-solution tunnel of the Upper Harz mining industry . The tunnel was named after King Ernst August I of Hanover . In 2010 he was as a part of the Upper Harz Water shelf for World Heritage of UNESCO under the name Mines of Rammelsberg, Historic Town of Goslar and Upper Harz Water appointed.

It was built between 1851 and 1864, had a total length of around 40 kilometers and reached a depth of 204 Lachtern (392 m) underground on the Caroline mine in Clausthal . From Gittelde he drained the pits in the Grund , Silbernaal, Wildemann , Zellerfeld , Clausthal , Bockswiese and Lautenthal mountain areas in the Upper Harz .

history

Even before the Tiefen Georg tunnel was completed in 1799, it was clear to the royal Hanoverian mining administration that this structure would not be sufficient for the planned future of the Upper Harz mining industry . During the subsequent operating phase, the deep Georg tunnel was barely able to cope with the water masses, especially during floods. Therefore, the plan was made for an even deeper tunnel.

The planning for this was repeatedly delayed because this costly project was unwilling to tackle in view of the budgetary situation and the lead trade. In 1825 an English mining company offered to take over all of the pits in the Upper Harz. The condition for the conclusion of the contract was the excavation of the so-called Lasfelder gallery . The design for this came from the planning phase of the Tiefen Georg tunnel and was over 50 years old at the time. A cost estimate presented put the total cost at 1.55 million thalers . Two years later, however, this takeover plan was rejected.

planning

Until around 1827, the first and original plan was to drive the deepest tunnel from Lasfelde to the Alter Segen mine on the Rosenhöfer Gangzug , where it was to bring the Altensegen shaft to a depth of almost 181 Lachter (348 meters). While the implementation of the plan seemed impossible in the 1770s, it was now hoped that this project could be tackled in conjunction with the Tiefen Georg tunnel and the Tiefen Wasserstrecke .

However, when the mining on the Silbernaaler Gangzug, which had been idle for almost 90 years, was successfully resumed, a more western route was decided. This draft provided for the mouth hole near Badenhausen .

Due to newly discovered, promising ore resources from the Help God mine , this draft was also rejected and a third course planned. The mouth hole should now be near Windhausen .

From 1846 Oberbergrat Johann Christian Zimmermann was commissioned with Hermann Koch to plan the Ernst-August-Stollen. In 1847 Zimmermann presented a plan to drive through the tunnel from the Silbersegener Schacht to the Bergwerkwohlfahrt pit , from there to the 4th light hole of the Tiefen Georg tunnel and then to the God's help pit. From this, however, the tunnel should finally be driven back to Lasfelde and receive its mouth hole there. In addition, the tunnel should be deadly up to the pit, God's help . H. without gradient, run, as was the case with the deep water route. Only the distance to the mouth hole should get a slope. On the basis of this plan, sites had already been found by the silver blessing, Hilfe Gotteser and Haus Braunschweiger shafts.

In 1848 Zimmermann again commissioned the Oberbergamtsmarkscheider Eduard Borchers to measure the planned course of the tunnel. It was found that the mouth hole at Lasfelde was unfavorable. Borchers' measurements led to an even more advantageous course, which was largely identical to that of the Tiefen Georg tunnel, in order to continue using its light holes and to save the costs of new shaft systems . Zimmermann worked out a plan based on Borchers' measurements that provided the starting point for the mouth hole on the Schützenanger near Gittelde. From there, the tunnel should be driven through to the Pit Help of God. A subsequent cross passage was supposed to create a connection to the 4th light hole of the Tiefen Georg tunnel. The wing location at the Braunschweiger Schacht house, which was already 296 Lachter, was to be extended to 400 Lachter. The Ernst-August-Schacht had to be sunk by a further 74 puddles and should serve as a temporary light hole. The Sachsen Schacht building had to be sunk by almost 23 piles and should also serve as a light hole. The excavation of the tunnel could begin directly at the pen pen shaft, from there a wing location to the Bockswieser pits was to be set up. The stretch of water 30 to 50 inches too high should be hewn. Overall, the Ernst-August-Stollen should have an even slope.

This plan was presented to the Finance Minister of the Kingdom of Hanover in 1851 and subsequently approved. This year it was also decided to give the tunnel its final name. The planned costs for a total length of 7133 Lachter (approx. 13.7 km) amounted to almost 395,600 thalers for the excavation of the tunnel before the start of construction. In addition, around 55,000 thalers were paid for the sinking of the Haus Sachsen Schacht and redrawing the bottom of the deep water section from the pen to the Lorenzer Schacht. It was hoped to complete the tunnel by 1875.

Construction and expansion

Floor plan with the course of the Ernst-August-Stollen (brown, solid line)
Carbon board dated April 5, 1861

The construction of the tunnel began on July 21, 1851. It was driven in opposite directions from seven locations between 1851 and 1855, starting in both directions, that is from 14 locations. Difficulties in the excavation, however, ensured that four additional locations were added from 1855, so that the tunnel was excavated from a total of nine locations.

By shortening the shift time from eight to four hours while maintaining the fact of three boreholes per tiller and shift, as well as working on Sundays, it was possible to almost double the drive performance during the work. The tunnel was like its depth Georg cleats fully in shooting work with black powder produced. The holes were made by hand with the mallet and hand drill. Zimmermann died in 1853, his previous assistant Koch was promoted to Bergrat and took over the management of the project.

The last breakthrough took place on June 22, 1864, after a little more than half of the estimated construction time, between the Ernst-August pit and the Sachsen Schacht house, east of Wildemann. The planned costs of 500,000 thalers were exceeded by around 70,000 thalers. This was mainly due to the fact that around 30% of the route had to be bricked. In addition, Zimmermann's plan, which was only presented after Borchers had surveyed, meant that some wing locations that had been excavated before construction began had been in vain.

The success of the project is mainly thanks to Borchers. He calculated the course of the tunnel and the penetration points to the highest accuracy and implemented this calculation with the simple measuring instruments of the time . The maximum deviation was less than 4 cm.

In 1880, the Lautenthal and Bockwiese mountain districts were connected to the Ernst-August-Stollen via a wing. On the one hand, thanks to the Tiefen Georg tunnel, new ore materials were discovered there; on the other hand, it was hoped that the abandoned Spiegelaler , Haus Herzberger and Hahnenkleer corridors could be examined in depth. Shortly afterwards, silver-rich ores were discovered in the Herzberger Gangzug house, which were mined through the Silberblick mine. The structures of the Alter Deutscher Wildemann mine could be drained and the new Ernst-August mine further lowered.

Shutdown

When mining in the Clausthal and Lautenthal mining inspections was discontinued in 1930, the Ernst-August-Stollen lost its importance as a water-dissolving tunnel for these areas. Until 1980, the tunnel up to the Schreibfeder shaft in Zellerfeld and the deep water section were maintained by the former mine Bergwerkwohlfahrt (Silbernaal) in order to discharge the runoff water from the Ottiliae and Kaiser Wilhelm shafts . In 1992 the Grund ore mine was closed and the last part, between the mouth hole and the Wiemannsbuchtschacht , abandoned. Nevertheless, the pit water from the connected former mines still flows out of the mouth hole in Gittelde today. In addition to the mouth hole, the open shaft of the Lautenthalsglück mine, which has been converted into a mining museum, is the only access to the Ernst August tunnel.

technical description

The main route ran between the mouth hole and the silver pen shaft . The tunnel touches the shafts of the Grundner pits and turns south at the Meding shaft to the Ernst-August blind shaft . From there he follows the Zellerfeld gangway in a westerly direction to the pen shaft. At this shaft, the main section meets the deep water section (which has a length of 3422 Lachter or 6583 m) and the wing location to Bockswiese (with a length of 1650 Lachter or 3174 m). The tunnel (main line) is 2.5 m high, 1.7 m wide in the middle and has a gradient of 1: 1,500. The deep stretch of water is deadly and almost a meter wider. This was related to the ore barge mining operated until 1895 .

The lengths of the individual sections are 1347 Lachter (2591 m) from the mouth hole to the Help God pit, from the Help God pit to the cross passage at the Braunschweig House 1811 Lachter (3484 m), from there to the Ernst-August-Schacht 928 Lachter (1785 m) and finally to the silver pen pit 1346 Lachter (2589 m). Thus the length of the main line was 5432 Lachter (10450 m).

The deepest waterway, 230 m below the Ernst August tunnel, served as the new swamp stretch . From this, the water from the underground structures was raised to the level of the Ernst-August-Stollen via the Königin-Marien-Schacht . The Ernst-August-Stollen was deeper than the old quarries, which were heavily water-bearing, from the early days of Upper Harz mining and below the main water-bearing rock fissures. Therefore it represented a satisfactory solution until the end of the mining industry. The mouth hole in Gittelde with its neoclassical portal structure has been preserved to this day. The Ernst-August-Stollen ends here with an average gradient of almost 5.5 inches per 100 pools.

  • Portal construction of the mouth hole in Gittelde, next to it Hunte

  • Inscription in the portal

  • Look into the tunnel at the mouth hole

  • Drawing: Ore mining with barges on the Ernst-August-tunnel

  • Dennert-Tanne at the mouth hole in Gittelde, which explains the function of the Ernst-August-Stollen in the dam ditch system

See also

literature

  • The Ernst-August-Stollen on the Harze . In: Heinfried Spier (Hrsg.): Historischer Harzer Bergbau . 1st reprint edition. tape 3 . Hagenberg, Hornburg 1989, ISBN 3-922541-25-9 (reprint of the original edition. Clausthal, Pieper 1864).
  • U. Dumreicher: Entire overview of the water management of the north-western Upper Harz . Verlag der Grosse'schen Buchhandlung, Clausthal 1868.
  • Friedrich Ludwig Christian Jugler : The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of the year 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel . In: CJB Karsten, H. v. Dechen (Ed.): Archives for mineralogy, geognosy, mining and metallurgy . tape 26 Issue 1. Georg Reimer, Berlin 1854, p. 199-294 .
  • Albrecht von Groddeck : Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz . In: Ministry for trade, industry and public works (Hrsg.): Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state . tape 14 . Publishing house of the royal and secret Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, Berlin 1866, p. 273-295 .
  • Karl Rudolph Bornemann, Bruno Kerl: Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitung with special consideration of mineralogy and geology . 19th year / new series: 14th year. JG Engelhardt, Freiberg 1860.
  • Johann Christian Zimmermann : The Harz Mountains described in a special relationship to nature and business . Carl Wilhelm Leske, Darmstadt 1834.
  • Mathias Döring: Shipping 400 m underground. Ore transports on the Ernst August gallery in the Upper Harz . Navalis 2/2019, 27-32.

Web links

Commons : Ernst-August-Stollen  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony: Upper Harz Water Management System. (PDF) 2008, p. 26 , accessed on December 2, 2015 (English).
  2. ↑ a b c d Dumreicher: Entire overview of the water management of the north-western Upper Harz. 1868, p. 34 f.
  3. ↑ Bornemann, Kerl: Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitung, 19th year. 1860, p. 286.
  4. ↑ Jugler: The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel. In: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 219.
  5. ↑ Zimmermann: The Harz Mountains described in a special relation to nature and business. 1834, p. 346 f.
  6. ^ A b Bornemann, Kerl: Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitung, 19th year. 1860, p. 287.
  7. ↑ Jugler: The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel. In: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. , Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 268 f.
  8. ↑ Bornemann, Kerl: Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitung, 19th year. 1860, p. 287 f.
  9. ↑ Jugler: The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel. In: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. , Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, pp. 276 ff.
  10. ↑ Bornemann, Kerl: Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitung, 19th year. 1860, p. 288 f.
  11. ↑ von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 279.
  12. ↑ mouth hole Ernst-August-Stollen; dennert-tanne.de. In: dennert-tanne.harz-kompakt.de. Retrieved March 6, 2018 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ The assumed length of the tunnel was 5315 Lachter (approx. 10.2 km). Originally, almost 5716 puddles were assumed, but 401 puddles had already come up through the now existing deep water section. For local operations, 460,000 thalers were calculated, for seven light holes 150,000 thalers, for machines and their operation 880,000 thalers. Supervision costs, general costs and other expenses should amount to a further 57,000 thalers.