Upper Harz mining

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The headframe of the Kaiser Wilhelm shaft in Clausthal is one of the oldest preserved headframes in Germany
The Dennert fir trees are reminiscent of mining traces everywhere in the Harz

The mining in the upper resin served the recovery of silver , lead , copper , and finally also zinc . From the 16th to the 19th century, silver mining in particular produced great wealth and significant technical inventions. The focus of this mining were the seven Upper Harz mining towns Clausthal, Zellerfeld (after the merger of Clausthal-Zellerfeld in 1924 ), Sankt Andreasberg , Wildemann , Grund , Lautenthal and Altenau .

history

The Upper Harz was once one of the most important ore districts in Germany. The main products of mining were silver, copper, lead and iron, and from the 19th century also zinc; The main source of income, however, was silver. From the 16th to the middle of the 19th century, an average of around 40–50% of the silver mined in all of Germany was extracted in the Upper Harz. The taxes to be paid on it contributed considerably to the tax revenues in Hanover and Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel and secured this power and influence within the empire.

The profit justified a high level of investment and effort. As a result, the Upper Harz mining industry produced a considerable number of innovations and inventions, including important ones such as the art of driving , the water column machine and the wire rope .

The Upper Harz mining took place on a gangue deposit . The mining followed the almost seiger collapsing Upper Harz veins into the depths . In their heyday , the Upper Harz mines were among the deepest in the world. So have already been exceeded by 1,700 shaft sinking of 300 meters to 1,830 depths were reached by 600 meters and the deepest soles were - what was considered at the time to be significant - below the level of the sea.

First mining period in the Middle Ages

Medieval mining on the Bockswieser Gangzug north of Oberschulenberg

Mining activities in the Upper Harz can be traced back to the 3rd century AD on the basis of archaeological evidence. There must have been a great heyday in the 12th and 13th centuries, when mining and metallurgy in large parts of the Harz region was organized and administered by the monks of the Cistercian monastery in Walkenried . The use of water wheels to supply energy to ironworks, which was documented in the 13th century in the Pandelbachtal south-east of Seesen , also fell into this period . First of all, the so-called gang bites on the surface of the earth were sought out and ore sections near the surface were mined with mallets and iron . In the upper vein areas there were particularly rich silver ores (up to 9% Ag).

Plague epidemics during the Middle Ages largely depopulated the Harz Mountains and almost brought mining to a standstill. Presumably, the fact that mining reached its technical limits with increasing depth (at this point up to about 60 m) also played a role.

Early modern mining up to the industrial revolution

A significant revival took place from around 1520 at the instigation of the Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel duke Heinrich the Younger . His son, Duke Julius von Wolfenbüttel , in particular, pushed the ore mining in Upper Harz and initiated the construction of additional infrastructure, in particular of the structures of the Upper Harz Water Shelf for the power water supply of the mines. In order to lure the necessary labor and specialist staff as well as investors to the Harz Mountains, the dukes issued mountain liberties based on the Bohemian-Saxon model.

Since most of the energy was required for dewatering and the need for this increased more and more with the deepening mines, attempts were made early on to reduce it by creating water solution tunnels . So the water could run off in a free gradient. The lower the drainage level, the longer the tunnels had to be. The longest of these tunnels, the mid-19th century ascended Ernst-August-tunnel , 26 kilometers long. It collects the water from the mines in Bockswiese, Lautenthal, Zellerfeld, Clausthal and Wildemann and carries it to Gittelde on the edge of the Harz.

The Upper Harz mining industry brought the greatest yield in the 16th and 17th centuries, even though crises kept coming back in between. In particular, the Thirty Years' War brought it to a complete standstill. Nevertheless, in 1690 a quantity of metal production which was unsurpassed by 1850 was reached. This was mainly due to the water management structures and the introduction of gunpowder for explosions from 1630 onwards. In the course of the 18th century there were persistent crises due to a lack of wood. The problem was alleviated by the introduction of coking coal for the smelters around 1800.

In the middle of the 19th century, around 35,700 people lived in the Upper Harz. This meant an increase of 30% compared to the beginning of the century. Metal deliveries from silver mining had risen to the same extent. The shafts had doubled their depth on average, main tunnels and associated stretches were at least three times as long. The forest stock increasingly recovered through rapid reforestation . At that time there were an average of 3,300 employees in the pits, 1,450 employees in processing and 500 employees in the smelters. 21,000  inch pounds of fire silver , 6,000  inch tons of smoothness, 90,000 inch tons of lead , 1,500 inch tons of copper and 25,000 inch tons of zinc blende with a total value of 1,295,000 talers were produced annually .

On January 1, 1864, the 20 ore-producing mines were nationalized by the Kingdom of Hanover . The administration was divided into the silver mining budget and the ironworks budget. The pits of the silver mining household were again divided into three districts: the Clausthaler, the Zellerfelder and the Andreasberg district. It was already expected that mining in the Andreasberg district would come to a standstill in a few years.

In the Clausthal district, the mines Caroline and Dorothea (first Burgstätter district), the mines Bergmannstrost and Margarethe (second Burgstätter district) and the pits Duke Georg Wilhelm , Kranich and Queen Charlotte (third and fourth Burgstätter district) were built on the Burgstätter gangway in 1866 . Furthermore on the Rosenhöfer Gangzug the pits Thurm-Rosenhof , Alter Segen and Silbersegen (Rosenhöfer Revier).

At the same time, the pits Ring and Silberschnur , Regenbogen and Silberblick (Vorderes Zellerfelder Revier) and Ernst-August and Juliane Sophia (Hinteres Zellerfelder or external Revier) were built in the Zellerfelder district . In addition, there were the Duke August and Johann Friedrich mines (Bockswieser Revier), Lautenthals Glück (Lautenthaler Revier) and the pits Help God , Friedrich Wilhelm and Bergwerkswohlfahrt (Silbernaaler Revier).

In the Andreasberg district, however, only the Samson and Catharina Neufang mines were built .

Last operational phase from the industrial revolution to the termination

After the annexation of the Kingdom of Hanover by Prussia in 1866, the Royal Prussian Mining Inspection and, from 1924, Preussag took over the operation of the mines in the Upper Harz. Around 1900 shaft depths of 1000 meters were reached. The mining of ores became more and more complex. At the same time one had to compete with other domestic and foreign ores with ever better transport options. At the height of the global economic crisis in 1930, overexploitation during the First World War and very low metal prices caused a large wave of decommissioning, which fell victim to large mines in Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Bockswiese and Lautenthal . In Bad Grund, ore mining in Upper Harz continued until 1992.

Reuse through power generation

After mining ceased in 1930, some shafts were used as hydropower plants: water from the Upper Harz water system was fed into the shafts through downpipes, in which generators were then driven by turbines at the level of the deepest water solution tunnel . Power generation was carried out by Preussag until 1980 in the Kaiser Wilhelm (maximum output 4.5  MW ) and Ottiliae (maximum output 1.5 MW) shafts . The hydropower plants were shut down at the beginning of the 1980s because their profitability declined more and more with sharply rising wages and stagnating electricity prices. Then the last still open shafts were kept .

The mining technology in the Upper Harz mining industry

Mining the ores

Painting bench construction - longitudinal section, greatly simplified

In the early days of Upper Harz mining, simple open-cast mines ( pits ) were the predominant mining method . With increasing depth, a mixed process between surface and civil engineering developed , the pingen - or substation construction . The ore deposits that were directly on the surface of the earth were quickly exhausted and one was already in the 12th / 13th centuries. Century forced to switch completely to civil engineering . The types of possible mining methods were limited by the steep, almost vertical, lenticular ore material , which was only a few meters wide, but continued for several hundred meters in a striking direction and in depth. The shafts were usually set up in the middle of the field in the corridor and followed it down into the depths. This resulted in barrel- length (inclined) shafts with their characteristic, strongly longitudinally rectangular cross-section and the frequent changes in angle compared to an imaginary vertical line. There were two reasons for this approach: On the one hand, ore extraction should be possible from the start (already when the shaft is being sunk ) in order to operate the pit economically as early as possible. On the other hand, the rock in the vein, which forms a fault zone , was of significantly lower strength than the adjacent rock. The typical Harzer Grauwacken were much harder than concrete. That is why most of the water solution tunnels in the corridor zone were driven. From the shaft, the so-called field location routes were then made up to the field boundary . From there, the downward dismantling began in stages by tearing the sole. The stopes had a maximum height of 3 m and followed each other at a distance of 5 - 6 m. In the longitudinal section, a pit therefore looked like an upside-down fir tree. The deepest point of the pit was usually the shaft. This served to collect the pit water in the shaft sump . As mining progressed, the shaft was sunk deeper. The backfill (dead rock for backfilling) was brought into the eroded cavities ( old man ) from the upper field site . For this purpose, a wooden support had to be erected over the quarry so that the backfill did not fall into the quarries and the tusks working there. If the expected ore reserves or their quality did not justify the deepening of the main shaft or the mining was very far from the shaft, so-called pull shafts were created. These blind shafts were left out in the old man's offset . In the Hornstatt one or two farmhands operated a manual reel and lifted the ore onto the next higher field stretch.

From 1633, gunpowder was used in mining and driving . This increased the advance rate considerably (from a few centimeters in the layer to one meter and more). The disadvantage, however, was that even more wood was needed to build the pit, as the shooting cracked the mountains. In the powder blasting was initially a Schram in mallet and iron work of about three meters in height and length and less ascended something than a meter wide in the vein. Cross- cutting 1–2 boreholes with a diameter of 6–7 cm and a length of one meter were then drilled by hand (mostly two-man drilling : one tusk turns the chisel bar, a second hits it with a hammer). The hole was loaded with gunpowder and filled with a wooden stake that had a recess for the fuse . In contrast to shooting with modern explosives, the trim had to be wedged in an opposite stage hole with an iron rod centered in the drill hole and a thick wooden die . During this work there were frequent serious accidents due to self-ignition from frictional heat. The ignition was carried out by sulphurized and powdered cord. After the shots had been thrown away , the loose debris with scraper and trough was loaded into dogs or dogs provided . Larger chunks, the walls were pre-crushed with fists and crowbars.

From the second half of the 18th century, the mining method was reversed. The roof was then always dismantled, i.e. the dismantling was carried out upwards. As a result, one worked on the backfill and could feed the ore by gravity through so-called roller holes or rollers (no shafts) to the line conveyor. The ridge construction remained the exclusive mining method until the end of the Upper Harz mining. It has been perfected in recent years through the use of trackless vehicles and other types of expansion. Attempts with partial breakage construction and block construction with frame timbering did not get beyond the experimental stage. When, in the middle of the 19th century, the many individual pits were switched to larger operating units with central production shafts, the construction of shafts with a length of tons and the mixing of expansion and equipment were completely abandoned with the dismantling. The central, seigeren shafts were located in the adjacent rock (mostly in the hanging wall ), as well as permanently installed main production floors (mostly lying ).

Mine support

Up until the middle of the 19th century, wood was used almost exclusively to expand the route . However, it had long been recognized that one had to find a way to save wood. A possible lining with natural stones was initially very expensive due to the hard and difficult to process greywacke. But then you process the slag from the Schlich into cinder blocks that can be used for the brickwork. Gradually, they began, initially in the mine Bergwerkswohlfahrt, with the use of iron, which was very successful.

Later they switched to anchors , shotcrete and lean concrete backing .

Conveyor technology

Reconstruction of a sweeper wheel with a diameter of 9.5 m in Clausthal-Zellerfeld

Initially, in the opencast mines or low shafts, the ores that had been excavated were passed up in baskets. At shaft depths of approx. 10–60 meters, manual reels (winches) were used, which were moved by 1–2 servants . The debris was put into wooden buckets for extraction. For the rather short horizontal conveying routes to the shaft, transport by carrying in a trough was sufficient for many centuries (approximately until the introduction of shooting) . In the 17th century, shaft depths between 100 and 200 m were reached. These could no longer be done by hand and horse transports were increasingly used. The horses were driven in a circle in a conical building, the Göpel or Gaipel (hence the term driving for promotion). The hauling rope (natural fiber) or a wrought iron chain wound up and down on a vertical shaft. The rope was diverted into the depths above the shaft and the hoist barrel was pulled up and down. Because of the tonnage , the conveying barrels were shod on one side with iron runners; some of them rested on the shaft joint . The ore was emptied on the hanging bench above ground and transported to processing by carts.

From the 18th century onwards, several 100 m shaft depths were reached. With that, the horse goblet reached the limit of its capabilities. Where the pits were lucrative and the energy demand was high due to the depth of the shaft or due to the access of water, water power was used as early as the 16th century: artificial wheels drove piston pumps to keep the mine sump . Sweeping wheels took care of the extraction of the ores or the debris. Depending on the terrain, the sweeping wheels were in underground wheel rooms near the shaft (the cable drum then lay on a shaft with the water wheel) or above ground in the valley. In the latter design, the rotary movement was converted into a back and forth movement via a crank drive (the crooked pin ) and transferred to the shaft via double field rods of several 100 m in length. There the back and forth movement was translated back into a rotary movement. Due to the availability of hydropower, it was used until the Clausthal and Lautenthal mines were closed in the 1930s (e.g. Silbersegen and Schwarze Grube shafts).

Steam power was only used to a significant extent when the hard coal required for this could be transported by rail at the end of the 19th century. At around the same time, electricity was generated using water power from the Upper Harz water shelf: from 1900 onwards, the water was fed through turbines and electrical hoisting machines were used. At this time, modern shaft systems with steel headframes were built .

The most important innovation of the Upper Harz conveyor technology was the Albert rope . Oberbergrat Julius Albert (1787–1846) constructed a rope made of steel wires, which was successfully tested for the first time on July 23, 1834 on the Carolina shaft (Clausthal). That was the hour of birth of the wire rope . In the middle of the 19th century, all of the Upper Harz mines were already using braided wire ropes, which resulted in savings of at least 10,000 thalers due to lower maintenance costs.

With increasing distance between the shaft and degradation and increasing flow were in the range of promotion wheelbarrows underground or Hunte (also called dogs) are used. Until 1800 they ran on wooden planks with wheels without flange and guide pins, the track nails. Then the triumphant advance of the iron rail began , initially as a hand-forged mutton paw only one meter long. Until 1900 the trams were pushed almost exclusively by hand. Pit horses were not used in the Upper Harz. In the Clausthal ore mine , the route was conveyed from 1905 onwards with contact wire locomotives on the deepest water route . From the early 1970s, battery-powered locomotives and finally diesel vehicles on rubber-tyred wheels were used in the Grund ore mine. A specialty of the Upper Harz mining was the underground production in barges on the 300 meter deep water route in Clausthal and Zellerfeld from 1835–1898.

Driving

How the art of driving works

Up until the beginning of the 19th century, the Upper Harz miners had to drive in and out. Most recently, at a shaft depth of 700 m, this took up to 2 hours of daily working time. This exertion was difficult to manage for older miners. In 1833, the future mountain master Georg Ludwig Dörell (1793-1854) invented a simple but ingenious machine driving technique, the art of driving . After successful pilot tests in the Spiegelthaler Hoffnungs-Richtschacht (light hole of the Tiefen-Georg-Stollen ) in Wildemann, the Duke Georg Wilhelm shaft on the Burgstätter Revier was equipped with a driving art as the first main shaft . The first driving skills had a wooden frame with a high dead weight. Because of the artificial wheel drive in connection with the frequent bend points in the tonnage shafts, only a few miners were able to drive at the same time and had to switch to journeys in the meantime. The use of steel wire ropes as rods in the Samson shaft in St. Andreasberg and the steel driving skills with steam or water column machine drive ( shaft Queen Marie and Kaiser Wilhelm II ) contributed to an improvement. With the introduction of electrical energy around 1900, ropes also became common practice, as was the state of the art until recently. In 1905, passenger trains (so-called people's trucks ) were built on the underground routes for the first time .

Drainage and weather management

In the middle of the 19th century, modern water column machines with lifting pumps were used for dewatering. In older, ton-long shafts, however, 5 Lachter (9.6 meters) high, wooden suction units with iron piston tubes were used.

Most of the weather was done naturally. Occasionally, however, Harz weather sets , water drum blowers and zinc flakes were used.

Ore resources

Characteristic minerals for mining in the Upper Harz were frequently occurring silver-bearing galena , silver-free copper pebbles (mainly Charlotte mine, Burgstätter Gangzug), zinc blende (mainly near Lautenthal, on southern lines, especially in the depths), quartz (mainly Zellerfeld Gangzug ), Spateisenstein (especially Rosenhöfer Gangzug), Kalkspar (east of the Innerste ) and barite (west of the Innerste, but especially Rosenhöfer and Silbernaaler Gangzug ).

In insignificant amounts were among others tetrahedrite , Bournonite , Zundererz , Rotgültigerz, pyrite , Binarkies , selenium mercury , cinnabar , cerussite , Bleivitriol , malachite , azurite , copper blackness and Perlspat found.

The processing of the Upper Harz ores

Stamp mill of the former Saigerhütte Grünthal in the Ore Mountains

The processing in the Upper Harz has always been based on the type of ore rock extracted . The filling of the vein on the Upper Harz veins was very different. In contrast to the Rammelsberg ore , the ore minerals were less strongly fused with one another and with the deaf rock . From the very beginning of the Upper Harz mining, this enabled the ore minerals to be processed into concentrates with higher metal contents than in raw ore. In the Middle Ages up to the beginning of the modern era, the ores were ground up with a hammer on a stone base and sorted by hand into silver, lead and copper ore as well as deaf rock (mountains). The stamping stones used were found sporadically in archaeological excavations in the recent past.

With the increasing use of water power at the turn of the 16th to the 17th century, this was also used for the enrichment of ore concentrates. On the one hand, the water served as driving energy, on the other hand, the water was used to wash out Latvians (earthy, deaf components of the corridor) and to separate ore and deaf rock through the different densities of the minerals. In addition, the was leaving the wet processing simply with the spent impact water discharged into the resin flows. Due to the low efficiency of the first processing machines, there was therefore high heavy metal loads in the rivers. Due to the type of hydropower use described above, the stamping works were located in the deeper river valleys. As a rule, they drew their water from the pits where it had previously set sweeping and artificial wheels in motion. Up until the beginning of the industrial age, mechanical processing was carried out as follows:

  • Pre-shredding with a heavy hammer (later with crushing machines ).
  • Wet sieving in Rätterwäschen (sieve drums). The ores are washed (ganglette removed) and sorted according to grain size.
  • Manual separation of the coarser pieces of ore, pure ore minerals (so-called derber ores ) are sorted out, pounded dry (crushed) and are directly sold (smelting). Most of the work at the Klaubtischen was done by women, old people and young people .
  • Screen washing of the pit (fine ores) in water-filled casks . By dipping an ore-filled sieve several times, the heavier, ore-rich pieces accumulate in a lower layer. This process was later mechanized in the form of typesetting machines (not to be confused with typesetting machines for printing).
  • Wet throbbing of the more overgrown with gait feinspeisigen ore down to sand grains.
  • Separation of the pounded goods on stove washes by gravity. Depending on the design and drive there was plan herd , shock herd or nodules . The basic principle was that heavy grains of ore were left on the stove and dead rock was washed away with water.
  • The sludge discharges from the aforementioned process steps were again freed from entrained ore particles in sludge trenches by sedimentation .

The obtained concentrates, Schlieg or Schliech called, were sold according to the huts. Using a visual pre-selection by hand, the processing for different ore types was carried out separately as far as possible. B. to obtain lead and copper concentrate.

In the middle of the 19th century, the processing was divided into three processing districts, which were headed by a Poch administrator. These processing districts were subdivided into districts, each of which was headed by an Oberpochsteiger. During the period, 133 stamps were operated (12 of them in the Andreasberg district) and nine rolling mills .

The new ore processing in Clausthal around 1905

After 1850 the scattered smaller stamp mills and ore washes were replaced by more centralized ore processing. The basic principle of coarse shredding - manual separation - sieving - settling - fine grinding - stove washing / fine settling and sludge washing remained very similar. However, the procedures became more and more mechanized and perfected. In 1905 what was then the most modern ore processing in Germany using the wet mechanical process went into operation in Clausthal. It was located near the Ottiliae shaft , on the site of the earlier central processing facility from 1872. Up to 650 workers were employed there and processed all ores from the Clausthal and Zellerfeld mines until 1930. A change took place with the introduction of foam-float treatment ( flotation ) in Bad Grund in the 1920s and later in Lautenthal . This process enabled the targeted generation of metal concentrations without manual pre-sorting and a significantly higher yield. The flotation process was continuously developed in the 20th century and was in use until the Upper Harz Ganger ore mining was finally ceased in 1992.

The metallurgy in the Upper Harz

Drift furnace for silver extraction according to Georg Agricola

The Upper Harz mining is inextricably linked with the metallurgy . Only the processing and smelting of the ores made the metals usable. The Upper Harz mining could only be sustained through the adaptation and further development of the smelting processes over the centuries, as the ore veins changed their main metal content significantly downwards. The beginnings of smelting go back to the beginning of the Upper Harz mining industry in the early Middle Ages. In medieval metallurgy, the so-called hiking smelting prevailed . The hut places were only maintained for a few weeks and followed the felling of the required wood. For the charcoal that was needed to reduce the ores, oak and beech wood were particularly well suited. The coal piles were in the vicinity of the hut places. The simple and low shaft ovens were built from natural stones and earth from the area. They could only be used for a kiln journey lasting a few days. Fixed buildings were not erected. More than 200 slag and smelting sites are archaeologically documented from this smelting period . The mining archaeological team around Lothar Klappauf and Friedrich-Albert Linke have carried out and investigated exemplary excavations since the 1980s. The Institute for Monument Preservation in Hanover and later the Lower Saxony State Office for Monument Preservation set up the Mining Archeology Unit based in Goslar for this field of activity .

In the second main period of mining in the Upper Harz from 1524, the smelters gradually moved to permanent locations. Because of the transport of the wood by rafts and for the use of water power, sites on the Harz rivers Innerste , Grane and Oker were preferred . The Frankenscharrn Hut was built on a site that was already in use in the Middle Ages (1180), later the Clausthal lead smelter as the most important Upper Harz hut. It operated until December 31, 1967. Other important smelters were the silver smelter in Lautenthal (later combined with the Clausthal lead smelter), the silver smelter in Altenau (until 1911) and the Andreasberg silver smelter (until 1912). After the Upper Harz smelting works, the ores from the remaining Grund ore mine were smelted in the Lower Harz smelting works (until 1981) and most recently in the Binsfeldhammer lead works near Aachen. Particularly in the case of the Clausthaler Hütte, the hut locations have left considerable environmental damage. The buildings and facilities, however, have completely disappeared in the Upper Harz.

From the first mining period until shortly before the beginning of the industrial age, so-called precipitation work was used in the Upper Harz . Without the usual roasting (desulphurisation) of the ores from the Schlieg with charcoal and iron granules as reducing agents according to the roasting reaction process (direct conversion of metal sulfide to metal) in the Krummofen . At the comparatively low furnace temperatures of around 1000 ° C., no liquid slag was formed, the residue ( gangue ) remained in solid form. Only after the development of high-performance blower shaft furnaces around 1850 were the concentrates roasted in deck furnaces and sintering pans and then fused in the crucible shaft furnace onto silver-containing lead and molten slag . The lead was initially processed directly in the German driving stove on Blicksilber . At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a multi-stage refining process in boiler stoves and desilvering according to the Parkes process .

Mining and forestry

The constantly increasing demand for wood in the pits and huts led to the overexploitation of the forests as early as the early Middle Ages . Construction timber was needed above ground for residential, mine and hut buildings. It was used underground to expand the pits. The greatest need for wood, however, was the smelting of the ores with charcoal . There are said to have been 30,000 kilns in the Harz Mountains alone .

Already in the early Middle Ages, ores had to be transported for kilometers to the smelting sites due to the lack of wood. The transport route from Goslarer Rammelsberg on the northern edge of the Harz over the Upper Harz to Riefensbeek and Kamschlacken on the southern edge of the Harz is particularly well known for this. Traces of the path can still be found in many places in the Upper Harz forests. Old trade routes such as the Alte Harzstrasse or the Harzhochstrasse were also used .

Spruce monoculture typical of mining in stands of the same age

From the 18th century, a planned reforestation of the largely destroyed forests was carried out. The Upper Harz contributed significantly to the development of modern forestry . Although not typical of the location, only fast-growing spruce was grown in monocultures . The consequences of this intensive forest management, which continued into the 1970s, can still be seen today in large areas of the Upper Harz.

Since the lack of wood was always one of the limiting factors for mining and metallurgy, the forestry situation was a constant item on the agenda of the consultations in the mining authority.

See also

literature

  • Martin Schmidt : The cultural monument of the Upper Harz water shelf . Harzwasserwerke, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 2005 ( harzwasserwerke.de ( memento from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 1.8 MB ]).
  • Hardanus Hake: Mountain Chronicle . Harzverein für Geschichte und Altertumskunde eV, Goslar 1981.
  • Christoph Bartels : From the early modern mining industry to the mining industry . German Mining Museum, Bochum 1992.
  • Christiane Segers-Glocke: On the trail of an early industrial landscape . Ed .: Lower Saxony State Office for Monument Preservation . Hamelin 2000.
  • Dieter Stoppel: Course map of the Upper Harz . Federal Institute for Geosciences and Raw Materials, Hanover 1981.
  • Wilfried Ließmann : Historical mining in the Harz . Springer, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 .
  • Friedrich Ludwig Christian Jugler : The mining administration of the Hanoverian Upper Harz since 1837 . In: CJB Karsten, H. v. Dechen (Ed.): Archives for mineralogy, geognosy, mining and metallurgy . tape 26 , volume 1. Georg Reimer, Berlin 1854, p. 115-198 .
  • Friedrich Ludwig Christian Jugler: The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of the year 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel . In: CJB Karsten, H. v. Dechen (Ed.): Archives for mineralogy, geognosy, mining and metallurgy . tape 26 , volume 1. Georg Reimer, Berlin 1854, p. 199-294 .
  • Albrecht von Groddeck : Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz . In: Ministry for trade, industry and public works (Hrsg.): Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state . tape 14 . Publishing house of the royal and secret Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, Berlin 1866, p. 273-295 .
  • Christoph Bartels : Crises and innovations in ore mining in the Harz between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern era . In: Technikgeschichte, Vol. 63 (1996), H. 1, pp. 1-19.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Gerhard Fleisch: The Upper Harz Water Management in the past and present . Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 1983.
  2. ^ Wilhelm Bornhardt : Lead, silver and copper production in the Upper Harz and on the Rammelsberg . (Lower Saxony Mountain Archive Clausthal, IV B 1b 151, around 1900).
  3. ↑ a b Walter Knissel , Gerhard Fleisch: cultural monument "Oberharzer Wasserregal" - an epochal achievement . 2nd Edition. Paper plane, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 2005, ISBN 3-89720-725-7 .
  4. ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Conrad Eduard Bornhardt: Wilhelm August Julius Albert and the invention of iron wire ropes . VDI, Berlin 1934.
  5. ↑ Dieter Stoppel: course map of the Upper Harz . Federal Institute for Geosciences and Raw Materials, Hanover 1981.
  6. ↑ Lothar Klappauf: On the archeology of the resin. in: Reports on the preservation of monuments in Lower Saxony, Lower. State Office for Monument Preservation (Ed.), Hanover 1992, Issue 4 /
  7. ↑ von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 277.
  8. ^ Jugler: The mining administration of the Hanoverian Upper Harz since 1837. In: Archives for mineralogy, geognosy, mining and metallurgy. , Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 181.
  9. ↑ Jugler: The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel. In: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. , Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, pp. 278 f.
  10. ↑ von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 273.
  11. ↑ von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 280.
  12. ↑ von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 274.
  13. ↑ von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 280 f.
  14. ^ Hugo Haase: Engineering structures of old water management in the Upper Harz . 5th edition. Pieper, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 1985, ISBN 3-923605-42-0 .
  15. ↑ Christoph Bartels: From the early modern mining industry to the mining industry . German Mining Museum, Bochum 1992.
  16. ↑ von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 291.
  17. ^ Jugler: The mining administration of the Hanoverian Upper Harz since 1837. In: Archives for mineralogy, geognosy, mining and metallurgy. , Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 136.
  18. ↑ a b von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 292.
  19. ↑ von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. Volume 14, 1866, p. 276.
  20. ^ Christiane Segers-Glocke: On the trail of an early industrial landscape . Lower Saxony State Office for Monument Preservation, Hameln 2000.