Burgstätter gangway

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The Burgstätter Gangzug (historically also Burgstädter Gangzug or Bergstädter Gangzug ) was one of three important gang trains at Clausthal-Zellerfeld . The three most important ore resources of the central Upper Harz vein district were located in the Burgstätter Revier.

Floor plan with the location of the Burgstätter gangway

location

The Burgstätter Gangzug can be divided into a north-western and an eastern section:

Northwest section

The north-western section (the Burgstätter main corridor ) has a length of 2.5 km and was well developed through intensive mining. It begins for days about 100 m northeast of the former Clausthal-Zellerfeld train station as an eastern extension of the Zellerfeld gangway and extends in a south-easterly direction to the eastern part of Clausthal, where it ends about 200 m southwest of the Middle Peacock Pond . In the area of ​​the former Dorothea mine , the Rosenhöfer gangway in its deaf eastern extension joined the Burgstätter gangway, with the share axis shifting towards the east towards the depth.

Eastern section

The eastern section is partly not named in the literature or could be understood as the eastern continuation of the Rosenhöfer corridor. It begins east of the Scharung with the Rosenhöfer Gangzug and extends over a length of 6 km in an easterly direction to south of Altenau . This section has been well developed between the western sharpening point and the Jägersbleeker pond 1.5 km to the east . The rest of the course of the gait was only little investigated.

history

In particular, comparatively large silver deposits in the area around the former centers of the Upper Harz mining industry, Clausthal and Zellerfeld, resulted in an intensive mining of silver-containing lead ores . Between 1200 and 1350, for example, ore was extracted, first over days and later at depths of up to 40 meters. The name of the gangway, which is derived from "Burgstätte" - a ring wall near the former Clausthal-Ost station, which probably served as a refuge for the miners, also comes from this time .

Due to the Black Death , the Harz was largely depopulated from the middle of the 14th century and mining activities almost came to a standstill.

Mining revival

At the beginning of the 16th century began Duke Henry the Younger , the mining revive in the region. The investigations began with the tailgating several tunnels in the mine angel Gabriel . In order to drain off the accumulating pit water , the Johannes tunnel and later the lower-lying upper Jesus-start tunnel were probably first excavated.

Connection to the water solution tunnels of the Zellerfeld corridor train

To dissolve water in the ever deeper pits on the Burgstätter Gangzug, deeper water dissolving tunnels were required after a short time . The same thing had already been recognized on the Zellerfeld gangway. For this purpose, the Frankenscharrn tunnel, which was driven from 1548 for the eastern pits of the Zellerfeld corridor, was extended to the pits of the Burgstätter corridor.

For Wolfenbüttel's Upper Harz, work began as early as 1524 to continue the Tiefen Wildemann tunnel in Wildemann in order to create a deep water solution tunnel for the Zellerfeld corridor. Hard rock and lack of ventilation had the effect that the work deferred be had. From 1551, attempts were made to solve the problems of the Tiefen Wildemann tunnel through the Upper Wildemann tunnel and then with the help of the Glücksward tunnel , but failed there too because the rock was too hard.

Twenty years later, the resumption of work on the luck Ward tunnel, which until 1606 was carried to the pit Rhenish wine at Zeller field with hammer and chisel by driven was. It then got its current name 16-Lachter-Stollen , because it was 16 Lachter under the Frankenscharrn-Stollen. The 19-Lachter-Stollen, which is located 19 Lachter-Stollen under the 16-Lachter-Stollen, and the 13-Lachter-Stollen, which in turn is 13-Lachter-Stollen, were removed until the end of the 17th century Century driven to Zellerfeld.

After an agreement between the Wolfenbüttel Oberharz and the Grubenhagen Oberharz, the 13 and 19 Lachter tunnels were driven towards the Burgstätter corridor towards the end of the 17th century and the most important pits there were penetrated at the beginning of the 18th century . Thanks to the intensive use of water arts and a joint approach by both governments, it was possible to progress to depths of 200 meters under the 13-Lachter tunnel.

Over the entire period, individual pits were gradually merged into ever larger units.

Times of crisis

In 1657, for the first time, the volume of the two Eschenbach ponds and three peacock ponds was no longer sufficient to completely supply the pits of the Burgstätter gangway with impact water . The later Johann-Friedricher and Prinz-Walliser watercourses hardly changed the situation.

After the end of the Thirty Years' War , which brought mining in the Upper Harz to an almost complete standstill, the 13 Lachter tunnel was the deepest water solution tunnel for the pits in the Upper Harz. In 1709 the Dorothea mine came in yield , which had particularly rich ore resources with a silver content of 0.2 to 0.3% (mostly this value was between 0.01 and 0.42%). The neighboring pit Caroline followed in 1715 and both pits built about 150 years extremely successful on the Burgstätter lode before mid to late 19th century in Zubuße came and were closed. These pits seemed to revive the Upper Harz mining industry. The increasing shortage of water required the occasional, uneconomical operation with horse pegs .

In order to be able to sink the shafts further , however, no new tunnel was an option. Instead, the dam ditch was dug from 1732 , which supplied additional impact water from the rainy area around the Brocken . The subsequent Seven Years' War and new technical problems caused another crisis in the Upper Harz mining industry from the second half of the 18th century. Only the threefold elevation of the dam of the Hirschler pond and the construction of the Huttaler counterweigher gradually provided a satisfactory solution for the supply of impact water. This made it possible to sink the shafts deep below the bottom of the 13-Lachter adit.

100 laughs course

About 50 m below the 13-Lachter tunnel was the 1.5 km long 100-Lachter route (or Hundertlachter route ), which led from the Englische Treue pit to the Caroline pit and was connected to all pits in between. It was partially bricked, which was otherwise rather unusual in the Harz at the time. The purpose of this route was the even distribution of pit water on water features of several pits. The water skills of the Dorothea pit with 18 sets of 6 to 11.5 inches in diameter and those of the Caroline pit with 21 sets of 7 to 12 inches in diameter from the 1760s raised all of the pit water from their shafts to the 100-Lachter route, from where the pit water was lifted over the shaft of the St. Elisabeth pit onto the 13-Lachter tunnel. The water art of Dorothea could be equipped with a further six helper kits during flood times.

Deep Georg tunnel

At the same time, however, the 13-Lachter tunnel could no longer absorb the volume of pit water due to its too small cross-section. This problem was exacerbated by two main sources in the Burgstätter and Rosenhöfer districts. To solve this problem, a new and deeper hereditary tunnel was planned. One of the ideas for the Burgstätter Gangzug was to drive through the 100-Lachter route to Altenau on the Oker . Based on a proposal by the Mountain captain Claus Friedrich of speeches and subsequent disagreements over the exact course and strife between the one-sided resin and the communion resin was July 26, 1777 the tailgating started the depths Georg-lugs, Upper Bergmeister Georg Andreas Steltzner instrumental in the final Planning and construction was involved.

As early as 1799, the new tunnel was connected to all Clausthal and Zellerfeld mines. In the shaft of the Caroline pit , the deep Georg tunnel was located about 150 meters below the now disinherited 13 Lachter tunnel at a depth of 286 meters.

Deep stretch of water

In 1803, a common deep water section for the Zellerfelder, Burgstätter and Rosenhöfer gangways began to be excavated 115 meters below the bottom of the Tiefen Georg tunnel . From 1833 onwards, an ore barge drove a distance of 6570 meters between the Caroliner and Schreibfeder shafts . This section did not have a slope (it was deadly ) and the necessary water was dammed by dams at a height of around 1.3 m. In the pit Duke Georg Wilhelm and Grube Anna Eleonore who now carried removal of the ore only "blind". The mined ore was poured into blind falls above the Deep Waterway and loaded into the ship's lockers at the other end. The ore was finally in silver Segener shaft to day promoted .

In the middle of the 19th century the union mines Caroline , Dorothea , Bergmannstrost , Kranich and Neue St. Margarethe were built on the Burgstätter Gangzug . The Grube Gabe Gottes carried out experiments with the shaft of the same name and the Neue Rose shaft in the area of ​​the Dorothea shaft. In addition, the pits Duke Georg Wilhelm and Vereinigte Gruben and Queen Charlotte built there (blind shaft at the level of the Tiefen Georg tunnel).

Oral hole of the Ernst-August-tunnel

Ernst-August-Stollen

The inventions of the wire rope and the art of driving made profitable ore mining possible down to a depth of 600 meters. The resulting inexorably increasing amounts of mine water required a new and even deeper tunnel. Shortly before 1850, the deep water section and the deep Georg tunnel reached their load limits , which is why it was decided in 1850 to drive the deep water section to the edge of the Harz Mountains. The mouth of this tunnel should be near Gittelde .

From 1851 to 1864, the Ernst August tunnel was driven with great effort in order to relieve the existing tunnels.

Location of tunnels and shafts around 1870

Modernization of the mines

When the long-term water solution was ensured by the Ernst-August-tunnel, the pits were modernized. In order to enable extraction from a depth of more than 700 m, the existing barrel-length shafts had to be replaced by modern, serpentine directional shafts . Water arts have largely given way to water column machines .

The Queen Mary Shaft , which was set up in 1856, replaced the old extraction shafts of the Dorothea and Caroline pits and, from 1877, took over the central lifting of the collected pit water from the deepest waterway to the Ernst August gallery . It remained the most important extraction shaft until 1892.

Headframe of the Ottiliae shaft

From 1868 the Ottiliae shaft in the Rosenhöfer district was sunk , which was supposed to relieve the Silbersegener shaft as an additional shaft and became the central main shaft. At the time, most of the stamp mills and ironworks were in the area . Around 1870, a central processing facility for the mined ores was built on the site of the shaft , which gradually replaced the old facilities around Clausthal and Zellerfeld. Between 1900 and 1905 the system was expanded again, which meant that all of the old shafts with a length of tonnes could finally be discarded .

From 1880 the Kaiser Wilhelm shaft was sunk to replace the outdated Herzog Georg Wilhelm shaft. The new shaft had two independent conveyors and served from 1900 to 1905 as a replacement for the Ottiliae bay. After 1905, the ores were only lifted to the deepest waterway and from there transported to the Ottiliae shaft by an electric mine train .

By the end of the 19th century, mining had shifted more to the Burgstätter and Rosenhöfer gangways. With this relocation, sphalerite (zinc blende) also gained in importance, which increased in quantity in the now deeper pits.

Weimar Republic and the end of mining

The First World War led to overexploitation in the area around Clausthal . In 1924, the Clausthal mining inspection was taken over by Preussag and extensive exploration was carried out , which again included the Zellerfeld gangway. Due to high production costs and falling yields, the Upper Harz mining industry found itself in an uneconomical situation. At the height of the global economic crisis , low metal prices did not result in sufficient income. In 1930 the mining around Clausthal-Zellerfeld - and thus on the Burgstätter Gangzug - was stopped and a few pits were then used to set up hydropower plants. At this point in time, the pits on the Burgstätter gangway had reached a depth of 1000 m.

Water management

In the mid-19th century, twelve ponds with almost 280 acres and a volume of 111 million cubic feet were available for operating the pits of the Burgstätter gangway . 23 water wheels were operated above ground and four below ground. There was also a network of ditches with a total length of 37,500 pools (72 km), florets with a total length of 855 pools (1.6 km) and twelve watercourses with a total length of 2380 pools (4.6 km).

Mining and yields

Above all, galena ( galena ), chalcopyrite (copper pebbles) and pyrite (pyrites) were mined. Occasional deposits of calcite (calcite) and quartz were found , more rarely also ankerite (brown spar) and siderite (spate iron stone). The success of the mining industry is mainly concentrated in the north-western section of the Burgstätter gangway.

Northwest section

The geological investigation of this section began again in the 1550s after the first mining period between 1200 and 1350 and ended with the closure of the Upper Harz mining in 1930.

In the north-western section, primarily quartz , calcite (calcite), siderite (iron spar), dolomite and barite (barite) were found. The following pure ore minerals (so-called derber ores) were found: galena ( galena ), sphalerite (zinc blende), chalcopyrite (copper pyrites), marcasite , bournonite , skutterudite (table cobalt), tetrahedrite , pyrargyrite , stephanite , solid silver , stibnite (antimony luster), jamesonite , Clausthalite , Tiemannite and Hematite .

Eastern section

The geological investigation of this section began after the Frankenscharrn tunnel was driven to the Princess Elisabeth pit with the sinking of some investigation shafts ( Neue Benedicte and Prince Friedrich Ludwig , Princess Amalia , St. Ursula and King Georg ) between 1652 and 1680. Furthermore, between 1718 and In 1735 the Neue Gnade Gotteser tunnel was driven and between 1728 and 1733 the shaft of the pit was sunk further despite the sobering results. In 1739 the New Grace of God mine ceased operations. In 1753, all investigation shafts west of the Princess Elisabeth mine were closed and 30 years later the mine was also closed. The last time around 1895 there were unsuccessful investigations for ore and barite in the area of ​​the New Mercy of God pit .

In the eastern section primarily the quartz, calcite, barite and siderite veins were found. Galena and chalcopyrite were found as Derberze.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Hartmann: Pocket book for traveling mineralogists, geologists, miners a. Hut people through the main mountains of Germany and Switzerland. 1838, p. 99.
  2. ^ Duval: The three mining towns of Andreasberg, Clausthal and Zellerfeld. In: Thuringia and the Harz Mountains, with their peculiarities, folk tales and legends. , Volume 3, 1840, p. 82.
  3. ↑ a b Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 159.
  4. ↑ a b c Dennert, Sperling, Stoppel: Burgstätter Gangzug. In: Monographs of the German lead-zinc ore deposits. Series D, Issue 34, 1979, p. 135.
  5. ^ A b Dennert, Sperling, Stoppel: Burgstätter Gangzug. In: Monographs of the German lead-zinc ore deposits. Series D, Issue 34, 1979, p. 136.
  6. ↑ Dennert, Sperling, Stoppel: Burgstätter Gangzug. In: Monographs of the German lead-zinc ore deposits. Series D, Issue 34, 1979, p. 151 f.
  7. ↑ Dennert, Sperling, Stoppel: Burgstätter Gangzug. In: Monographs of the German lead-zinc ore deposits. Series D, Issue 34, 1979, p. 152.
  8. ^ A b Dennert, Sperling, Stoppel: Burgstätter Gangzug. In: Monographs of the German lead-zinc ore deposits. Series D, Issue 34, 1979, p. 137.
  9. ↑ a b c Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 167 f.
  10. ↑ Jugler: The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel. In: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. , Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 210.
  11. ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 198.
  12. ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 12.
  13. ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 32.
  14. ↑ von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 277.
  15. ↑ Free life: Remarks on the Harz. 1795, p. 48.
  16. ↑ Free life: Remarks on the Harz. 1795, p. 128 ff.
  17. ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 170.
  18. ↑ Jugler: The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel. In: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. , Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 220.
  19. ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 176 f.
  20. ↑ Jugler: The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel. In: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. , Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 204 f.
  21. ↑ von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 280.
  22. ↑ Jugler: The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel. In: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. , Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 266.
  23. ↑ Dennert, Sperling, Stoppel: Burgstätter Gangzug. In: Monographs of the German lead-zinc ore deposits. Series D, Issue 34, 1979, p. 145.
  24. ↑ Dennert, Sperling, Stoppel: Burgstätter Gangzug. In: Monographs of the German lead-zinc ore deposits. Series D, issue 34, 1979, p. 154 f.
  25. ↑ Dennert, Sperling, Stoppel: Burgstätter Gangzug. In: Monographs of the German lead-zinc ore deposits. Series D, Issue 34, 1979, p. 157.

literature

  • Johann Carl Freiesleben : Comments on the Harz . Schäferische Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1795.
  • Carl Hartmann: Pocket book for traveling mineralogists, geologists, mining and Hut people through the main mountains of Germany and Switzerland . Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1838.
  • Carl Duval : The three mining towns of Andreasberg, Clausthal and Zellerfeld . In: ohne Hrsg. (Hrsg.): Thuringia and the Harz Mountains, with their peculiarities, folk tales and legends . tape 3 . Friedrich August Eupel, Sonderhausen 1840, p. 58-89 .
  • Friedrich Ludwig Christian Jugler : The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of the year 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel . In: CJB Karsten, H. v. Dechen (Ed.): Archives for mineralogy, geognosy, mining and metallurgy . tape 26 Issue 1. Georg Reimer, Berlin 1854, p. 199-294 .
  • Albrecht von Groddeck : Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz . In: Ministry for trade, industry and public works (Hrsg.): Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state . tape 14 . Publishing house of the royal and secret Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, Berlin 1866, p. 273-295 .
  • Herbert Dennert , Herbert Sperling, Dieter Stoppel: Burgstätter Gangzug . In: Monographs of the German lead-zinc ore deposits (=  D . No. 34 ). E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Hanover 1979.
  • Wilfried Ließmann : Historical mining in the Harz . 3. Edition. Springer, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 .

Coordinates: 51 ° 48 ′ 29.2 ″  N , 10 ° 21 ′ 1.2 ″  E