Dorothea's pit

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Dorothea's pit
General information about the mine
General Harz Mountain Calendar 1933 S.39.png
Dorothea Pit, around 1850
Information about the mining company
Start of operation 1601
End of operation 1886
Funded raw materials
Degradation of see Mined Ores
Greatest depth 576 m
Geographical location
Coordinates 51 ° 47 '52.5 "  N , 10 ° 21' 42.6"  E Coordinates: 51 ° 47 '52.5 "  N , 10 ° 21' 42.6"  E
Dorothea Pit (Lower Saxony)
Dorothea's pit
Location of the Dorothea pit
Location Clausthal-Zellerfeld
local community Clausthal-Zellerfeld
District ( NUTS3 ) Goslar
country State of Lower Saxony
Country Germany
District Clausthal mining inspection

The Dorothea pit (also Dorothee pit ) was located west of the Oberer Pfauenteich in the east of Clausthal-Zellerfeld and was the most profitable pit of the Burgstätter gangway in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Over 20,000 visitors, some of whom were world-famous, came to the mine during its operating hours.

history

1601, the mine was muted and after a few years of operation closed down because accumulating mine water not resolved could be. A second operating phase followed from 1694 to 1699 and finally the beginning of the third operating phase in 1702. In the beginning, the mine benefited primarily from the mining treasury set up by the miner Heinrich Albert von dem Bussche , which modernized pits abandoned by trades and financed prospection .

In 1707, rich ore resources were found at the level of the 19-Lachter adit . By 1708 the union mine had been in Zubuße and was now quickly yielding .

From 1709, further ore resources found at a depth of 38 pools (approx. 73 m) were first reached by sinking a barrel with a length of tonnes . The promotion took place with reel and human strength. In the same year the mine received its exploitation flag , which, among other things, depicted Saint Dorothea . It also bore the Bussche family crest. It was ultimately thanks to him that the "golden years" of the Upper Harz mining industry began.

Two years later, the promotion was modernized because it could no longer be achieved with human effort. Now horse gypsies were used.

1715 came the mine Caroline in yield, which marched with Dorothea . In addition, Dorothea marched with the mine Bergmannstrost and with the pits Gabe Gottes and Rosenbusch . As early as 1718, the Dorothea and Caroline mines contributed 64% of the total yield of the unilateral resin. The thickness of the Burgstätter main corridor was up to 30 pools (58 m) in the Dorothea area and 5 to 8 pools (10 to 15 m) in underground structures.

The first sweeping wheel was built in 1724 . Initially it got impact water from the Jägersbleeker pond and the middle peacock pond , but this was not enough. Again and again horses had to be used in the promotion, which were much more expensive and also had to be paid for if they were not used at all. Over the decades, the complex system of ponds was expanded further, which together with water that was brought in via the Sperberhaier Damm (from 1734) and with the help of the Polsterberger Hubhaus and the Huttaler counterbalance provided sufficient impact water.

In 1749 18 drifts of ore were mined weekly , from which almost 20 silver marks were won. The ore mining had already declined continuously in the years before and had reached a low point at the beginning of the Seven Years War . In 1763 the sweeping wheels of the Caroline and Dorothea (26 feet high) were relocated and four years later the Dorothea received a new water art . This lifted the pit water on the 100-laugh-line of the Burgstätter gangway, which had the purpose of distributing the pit water evenly over several pits. After the relocation, the Dorotheer Kehrrad was supplied with waste water from the Caroliner Kunstrade and four ponds. The Dorotheer Kunstrad (28 feet high) received the impact water from the same ponds, waste water and the Sperberhaier dam.

In the first half of the 19th century, the Dorothea had a 300 Lachter (576 m) deep shaft, which was sunk down to the level of the deep water section on the main corridor and from there into the adjacent rock . In the first 100 years of operation, the Dorothea mine, with 4,510,135 Reichstalers, contributed almost 44% of the total yield from all Clausthal mines; But this is with a comparatively small pit field 141 laughs long and 10 laughs wide (271 × 19 m). During this period of operation, a total of approx. 838,723 silver marks (each with 12 Reichstalers), 768,845 quintals of lead (each with 6 Reichstalers) and 2,385 quintals of copper (each with 25 Reichstalers) were won. This corresponds to a total value of almost 14,737,370 Reichstalers.

In the 1860s, the average annual ore extraction was 148,720 quintals, from which 2,548 pounds of silver and 15,555 quintals of lead were extracted annually . 145 miners, including supervisors, worked in the mine. Since at the time the shafts of Dorothea and Caroline were technically out of date and wood should be saved, the sinking of a new seigeren straightening shaft in the adjacent rock was considered. The two old shafts should then be filled. The “ new weather shaft ” was to be sunk to the level of the Tiefen-Georg-Adit . From there, one should in the footwall blind the Dorotheer shaft, seigerer shaft in the host rock to the 20th track lead (195 Lachter). The main structures of the Dorothea were between the 16th and 30th sections at a depth of 189 to 278 Lachter (364 to 535 m).

After the Caroline mine ceased operations in 1866 and the Königin-Marien-Schacht was completed , the latter took over the mining of Dorotheer ores. The pit water, on the other hand, was lifted into the shaft of the Elisabeth pit on the Ernst-August-tunnel . The Dorothea mine ceased operations in the 1880s.

Journeys

In the 18th and 19th centuries, famous personalities drove the Dorothea again and again. These included Andersen , Gmelin , Heine , Goethe , Nobel , Schopenhauer and Watt . Heinrich Heine described his impressions of the Dorothea mine in the "Harzreise" .

Dorotheer Rösche's mouth hole
View from the Caroliner weather shaft

Nowadays, the Dorotheer Rösche ( ⊙ ) , which has been made accessible again, can be guided through the Upper Harz Mining Museum by prior arrangement . The tour ends in the Caroliner weather shaft ( ⊙ ), in which about 20 m journeys have to be climbed by the day.

Connection to water solution tunnels

The Dorothea pit is connected to the following water solution tunnels at the respective depth:

Mined ores

The removal of zinc blende and lead tail took place in the Dorothea pit . Furthermore, it was Dark tetrahedrite , Schwarzgiltigerz and quartz with calcite -Anteilen promoted sporadically Rothspießglanzerz .

There were also pebbles and pebbles as well as white lead ore . Between 100 and 144 Lachter depths (192 to 277 m), Epsom salt in crystal form in combination with slate was found very often .

processing

The mined ores were processed in stamping works in the Innerstetal until 1728 , and in three new stamping works in the Polstertal from 1728 . The processing took place only in summer, because one wanted to prevent a loss through ice formation in winter.

In 1810 an English railroad was built between the pit and the Dorotheer Erzwwasher, unique in the Harz Mountains. Hungarian dogs with immovable crates drove on it independently , as the terrain sloped towards the ore wash. These dogs held 4 to 6 tons of ore.

In 1849, the average silver content in the fused cradle was about 3 solder per 60 pounds of lead . At that time, a drive of ore was processed by six workers, which in turn cost 4 Reichstaler.

Around 1860 processing took place in the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 10th Clausthaler Thalspochwerk.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Dennert-Tanne 8 CLZ-Oberh.BMV for pit Dorothea. In: dennert-tanne.de. Retrieved June 9, 2018 .
  2. ↑ a b o. A .: Hercynia - A guide through the Harz. n.d., p. 159.
  3. ↑ Guy: The Upper Harz Hüttenverzesse. 1860, p. 86.
  4. ^ Sprengel: Description of the Harz mines according to their full extent. 1753, p. 101 f.
  5. ^ Bartels: Innovations in the Upper Harz Mining of the 18th Century and their Social Consequences. In: Useful Arts. , 1999, p. 44.
  6. ↑ a b c d Steltzner: Description of the system and the current state of the water pipes of the upper Burgstädter Zug, especially used by the two most important mines Dorothea and Carolina at Clausthal. In: Mining Science. , Volume 1, 1789, p. 108.
  7. ↑ Free life: Mineralogical remarks on the occasion of a trip through the most remarkable part of the Harz Mountains. 1795, p. 159.
  8. ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 32.
  9. ^ Bartels: Innovations in the Upper Harz Mining of the 18th Century and their Social Consequences. In: Useful Arts. , 1999, p. 43.
  10. ↑ a b c guy: The Upper Harz Hüttenprocesse. 1860, p. 86.
  11. ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 31.
  12. ↑ Guy: The Upper Harz Hüttenverzesse. 1860, p. 79.
  13. ^ Sprengel: Description of the Harz mines according to their full extent. 1753, p. 102.
  14. ↑ von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 277.
  15. ↑ Steltzner: Description of the system and the current condition of the water pipes of the upper Burgstädter train, especially used by the two most important mines Dorothea and Carolina at Clausthal. In: Mining Science. , Volume 1, 1789, p. 118.
  16. ^ Keferstein: Mineralogical-statistical-geographical description of Teutschland. 1830, p. 474 f.
  17. ↑ Free life: Remarks on the Harz. 1795, p. 162.
  18. ↑ Guy: The Upper Harz Hüttenverzesse. 1860, p. 85.
  19. ^ Keferstein: Mineralogical-statistical-geographical description of Teutschland. 1830, p. 412.
  20. ↑ von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 282.
  21. ↑ a b c von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 287.
  22. ↑ von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 288.
  23. ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 194 f.
  24. ^ Heinrich Heine : The Harz journey . 1824, pp. 23-25.
  25. ↑ Dorotheer Rösche UNESCO World Heritage Site. Retrieved July 24, 2016 .
  26. ↑ a b Zimmermann: The Harz Mountains described in a special relationship to natural and industrial studies. 1834, p. 345.
  27. ↑ above: Circumferential mining, and the most important processes involved, as far as the former and the latter are known. In: Mining Science. , Volume 1, 1789, p. 332.
  28. ↑ Guy: The Upper Harz Hüttenverzesse. 1860, p. 17 f.
  29. ↑ Guy: The Upper Harz Hüttenverzesse. 1860, p. 21.
  30. ↑ Guy: The Upper Harz Hüttenverzesse. 1860, p. 39.
  31. ↑ Zimmermann: The Harz Mountains described in a special relation to nature and business. 1834, p. 211.
  32. ↑ Free life: Mineralogical remarks on the occasion of a trip through the most remarkable part of the Harz Mountains. 1795, p. 150.
  33. ↑ Free life: Mineralogical remarks on the occasion of a trip through the most remarkable part of the Harz Mountains. 1795, p. 152.
  34. ↑ Free life: Mineralogical remarks on the occasion of a trip through the most remarkable part of the Harz Mountains. 1795, p. 156.
  35. ↑ Guy: The Upper Harz Hüttenverzesse. 1860, p. 47.
  36. ↑ Free life: Remarks on the Harz. 1795, p. 176.
  37. ^ Keferstein: Mineralogical-statistical-geographical description of Teutschland. 1830, p. 476.
  38. ^ Keferstein: Mineralogical-statistical-geographical description of Teutschland. 1830, p. 473.
  39. ↑ Zimmermann: The Harz Mountains described in a special relation to nature and business. 1834, p. 396.
  40. ↑ Guy: Description of the Upper Harz metallurgical processes in their entirety. 1852, p. 56.
  41. ↑ Zimmermann: The Harz Mountains described in a special relation to nature and business. 1834, p. 425.

literature

  • Joachim Friedrich Sprengel: Description of the Harz mines according to their full extent . Publishing house of the Realschule bookshop, Berlin 1753.
  • Georg Andreas Steltzner : Description of the system and the current condition of the water pipes of the upper Burgstädter train, especially used by the two most important mines Dorothea and Carolina at Clausthal . In: without Hrsg. (Hrsg.): Bergbaukunde . tape 1 . Georg Joachim Göschen, Leipzig 1789, p. 107-126 .
  • o. A .: Circumferential mining, and the most important processes involved, as far as the former and the latter are known . In: without Hrsg. (Hrsg.): Bergbaukunde . tape 1 . Georg Joachim Göschen, Leipzig 1789, p. 327-336 .
  • Johann Carl Freiesleben : Mineralogical remarks on the occasion of a trip through the most remarkable part of the Harz Mountains . Schäferische Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1795.
  • Johann Carl Freiesleben: Comments on the Harz . Schäferische Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1795.
  • Mineralogical-statistical-geographical description of Germany . In: Christian Keferstein (Hrsg.): Teutschland, geognostically and geologically represented and explained with charts and average drawings . tape 6 , no. 3 , 1830, p. 325-580 .
  • Johann Christian Zimmermann : The Harz Mountains described in a special relationship to nature and business . Carl Wilhelm Leske, Darmstadt 1834.
  • Bruno Kerl : Description of the Upper Harz metallurgical processes in their entirety . Schweiger Buchhandlung Verlag, Clausthal 1852.
  • Bruno Kerl: The Upper Harz smelting process for the extraction of silver, copper, lead and arsenic acid . 2nd Edition. Verlag der Grosse'schen Buchhandlung, Clausthal 1860.
  • Albrecht von Groddeck : Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz . In: Ministry for trade, industry and public works (Hrsg.): Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state . tape 14 . Publishing house of the royal and secret Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, Berlin 1866, p. 273-295 .
  • o. A .: Hercynia - A guide through the Harz . 4th edition. Published by Gottfried Basse, Quedlinburg and Leipzig.
  • Christoph Bartels : Innovations in the Upper Harz Mining of the 18th Century and their Social Consequences . In: Ulrich Troitzsch (Ed.): Useful arts . Waxmann, Münster 1999, p. 37-50 .
  • Wilfried Ließmann : Historical mining in the Harz . 3. Edition. Springer, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 .