Deep Georg tunnel

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Deep Georg tunnel
General information about the mine
Floor plan of the Oberharz pits.png
Floor plan with the course of the Tiefen Georg tunnel (black-dashed line)
Information about the mining company
Start of operation 1777
Funded raw materials
Degradation of
Geographical location
Coordinates 51 ° 48 '17 "  N , 10 ° 14' 7"  E Coordinates: 51 ° 48 '17 "  N , 10 ° 14' 7"  E
Deep Georg tunnel (Lower Saxony)
Deep Georg tunnel
Location Deep Georg-Stollen
Location Bergstadt Bad Grund (Harz)
local community Bad Grund (Harz)
District ( NUTS3 ) Goettingen
country State of Lower Saxony
Country Germany

The deep Georg tunnel was the longest and deepest water solution tunnel in the Upper Harz mining industry until the Ernst August tunnel was completed . The gallery was named after the Elector of the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg and the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, George III. to honor.

A 18.5 km long section of the depths Georg adit in 2010 as part of the Upper Harz Water Regale for World Heritage of UNESCO appointed.

history

After the end of the Thirty Years' War , which brought mining in the Upper Harz to an almost complete standstill, the 13 Lachter tunnel was the deepest water solution tunnel for the pits in the Upper Harz. At the beginning of the 18th century, newly opened, unusually rich ore resources in the eastern part of the Burgstätter gangway seemed to revive the Upper Harz mining. In order to be able to sink shafts further, however, no new tunnel was an option. Instead, the dam ditch was dug , which supplied additional impact water from the rainy area around the Brocken . This made it possible to sink the shafts deep below the bottom of the 13-Lachter adit. Around 1750, however, ore mining in the Burgstätter Revier fell sharply again. Shortly before the Seven Years' War , the future of the pits of the Upper Harz mining industry was repeatedly uncertain.

After the war, mining was carried out with great difficulty and it was understood that a new, deeper tunnel was necessary for the continued existence of regional mining.

planning

When planning began, the 13 Lachter tunnel , which had taken almost 160 years to complete, had only been in operation for just over 60 years. In the meantime, its cross-section was barely sufficient to “loosen” the pit water from the connected pits.

In 1771, mining captain Claus Friedrich von Reden proposed to drive a deep tunnel to the Burgstätter and Rosenhöfer gangway . The planning phase then began with the search for a starting point for the mouth of the new Erbstollen . Disputes and different territorial relationships between the Unilateral Harz (Bergamt Zellerfeld) and the Communion Harz (Bergamt Clausthal) delayed the progress of the project. Both mining offices each submitted seven different suggestions for the starting point of the mouth hole. Lerbach and Lasfelde were considered favorites because they were able to open up previously unknown veins. However, this was not done later due to cost and time reasons.

When in 1774, after three years, no solution had been found, the Royal Chamber of Hanover intervened, taking up Redens' original proposal and setting the mining town of Grund as the starting point for the tunnel.

On July 1, 1777, all the mining authority employees in the Thurm-Rosenhöfer colliery established the light holes :

  • 1. Light hole: shaft of the fiefdom of King Solomon and Mount Zion
  • 2. Light hole: not far from the Hohenhalder Schacht
  • 3. Light hole: Pinge near the Haushackelsberger shaft
  • 4th light hole: near the Wiemannsbuchtschacht (with later cross passage to the Ernst-August-tunnel)
  • 5. Light hole: shooting cap in Langenthal
  • 6. Light hole: already available from the Isaacs-Tanner tunnel

The tunnel should be driven from the mouth hole in the direction of the Silbernaaler gangway and then " cross-cut into the lying " to the Rosenhöfer, Zellerfelder and Burgstätter gangways.

After a further delay of almost a month due to discrepancies about the exact starting point of the mouth hole, von Reden carried out the first attack on July 26, 1777 with a mallet and iron .

construction

Construction phases of the Tiefen Georg tunnel

The depth Georg-tunnel was in Gegenortbetrieb of 30 places from ascended . First teufte to the six light holes, and built fountains one.

On average between 40 and 100 miners worked on the completion of the tunnel. The first breakthrough took place on June 24th, 1778 between the mouth hole and the 6th light hole, with which 187 puddles (about 360 m) had come up.

In May 1779 the second breakthrough followed between the 5th and 6th light hole, and another in April 1783 between the 3rd and 4th light hole.

On September 5, 1799, the last of a total of 15 breakthroughs took place in the presence of the chief miner Georg Andreas Steltzner and the miner Schmidt. Both were the only people still alive who had been there when the attack was carried out 22 years, a month and eleven days ago. Steltzner wrote a detailed report about this event and about the entire tunnel, in the planning and construction of which he was significantly involved.

Usage and costs

From 1799 the deep Georg tunnel took over the water solution of the Silbernaaler, Rosenhöfer, Zellerfelder and Burgstätter corridors and "disinherited" the existing water solution tunnel. As planned, it brought a depth of 286 meters at the Caroliner Schacht - around 150 meters more than the 13-Lachter tunnel.

The tunnel immediately made it possible to dispense with 15 synthetic bikes, saving 10,000 Reichstaler annually. In the mines Bergmannstrost and Kranich , among others , extensive tunnel investigations could be carried out in depth, which resulted in promising finds. Of great importance, however, was that the mining activities on the Silbernaaler Gangzug, which had ceased in 1733, could be resumed. In 1821, important ore resources were also exposed there on the bottom of the new water-dissolving tunnel. These finds led to further investigations of the pathways in the mining town of Grund, where excellent ore materials were opened up in the mine Help God in 1831. In total, three new ore fields could be opened up.

The deep Georg tunnel had a total length of just over 5,481 puddles (approx. 10,545 m). The individual lengths from the mouth hole to the Rosenhöfer Revier were 3738 Lachter (7191 m), from the Rosenhöfer Revier to the Herzog-Georg-Wilhelm-Schacht 807 Lachter (1553 m) and from there to the pit Caroline 936 Lachter (1801 m). On the main line, it was approximately two meters high and 1.2 meters wide. Its gradient was 15 inches for 100 laughs.

The originally calculated construction costs amounted to 300,000 Reichstaler (including light shafts), whereby the tunnel was viewed as a joint project to secure the Upper Harz mining and not as a profitable company. The actual construction costs, however, amounted to 398,871 Reichstaler. 44.2% of the costs were borne by the Harz residents, 26.7% by the trades, 25.9% by the king and 3.2% by the mining treasury.

extension

After 1800 the tunnel was expanded several times. For example, a section was driven from the St. Lorenzer Schacht over the Samuel Schacht (in the area of ​​the later New Johanneser Schacht ) to the Ernst-August-Schacht . Another section was driven through between 1821 and 1835 between the Samuel shaft with the help of the Spiegelthaler Hoffnungsschacht as far as Hahnenklee. In this way, the depth Georg cleats could now also the water solution of the Spiegeltaler and Bock Wieser gear trains take. The wing location was 60 Lachter (115 meters) below the Lautenthaler Hoffnungsstollen, also completed in 1799, which was disinherited in this way. This expansion cost an additional 120,000 Reichstaler.

The full length after the expansion phases was 25.9 kilometers.

Driving the deep water route and disinheritance through the Ernst-August-tunnel

As soon as the Tiefen Georg tunnel was being driven, it was recognized that a deeper tunnel would soon be needed. Thus, in 1803, four years after the completion of the main route, 115 meters (60 Lachter) under the bottom of the Tiefen Georg tunnel, the excavation of the deep water route began . As a result, further ore resources were opened up and, from 1815, the deep water route was expanded. From 1833 onwards, ore barges were used to drive over a section of around 6.5 kilometers, and shortly afterwards two water column machines were installed to lift the pit water from the Tiefen Georg tunnel. This system made it possible to mine ore 100 puddles (approx. 192 meters) below the Tiefen Georg tunnel.

These successes ultimately led to the decision in 1850 to drive the deep water stretch to the edge of the Harz Mountains. On the one hand, it was hoped to open up new ore fields in the depths of the Spiegel valley and Haus Herzberger gangways , on the other hand, the deep Georg tunnel reached its capacity limit. After drifting through from 1851 to 1864, the Ernst August tunnel was completed, which in turn disinherited the Tiefen Georg tunnel as the most important water solution tunnel after 65 years of operation.

Others

The mouth of the Tiefen Georg tunnel in Bad Grund

The elaborately designed outlet opening of the Tiefen Georg tunnel is now located on private property.

As with almost all water solution tunnels in the Upper Harz mining industry, it is no longer used economically. Maintenance work no longer takes place; Driving on is dangerous and therefore prohibited.

See also

literature

  • Wilfried Ließmann : Historical mining in the Harz . 3. Edition. Springer, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 .
  • Carl Hartmann: Pocket book for traveling mineralogists, geologists, mining and Hut people through the main mountains of Germany and Switzerland . Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1838.
  • Claus Friedrich von Reden : Speech at the solemn beginning of the Tiefen Georg-Stollen-Bau on July 26, 1777 not far from the mining town of Grund am Harze . JH Wendeborn, Clausthal 1777.
  • E. Borchers: The practical art of marrow sheath using the air bubble level and the theodolite in conjunction with suitable auxiliary equipment . Carl Rümpler, Hanover 1870.
  • U. Dumreicher: Entire overview of the water management of the north-western Upper Harz . Verlag der Grosse'schen Buchhandlung, Clausthal 1868.
  • Albrecht von Groddeck : Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz . In: Ministry for trade, industry and public works (Hrsg.): Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state . tape 14 . Publishing house of the royal and secret Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, Berlin 1866, p. 273-295 .
  • Friedrich Ludwig Christian Jugler : The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of the year 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel . In: CJB Karsten, H. v. Dechen (Ed.): Archives for mineralogy, geognosy, mining and metallurgy . tape 26 Issue 1. Georg Reimer, Berlin 1854, p. 199-294 .
  • Karl Rudolph Bornemann, Bruno Kerl: Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitung with special consideration of mineralogy and geology . 19th year / new series: 14th year. JG Engelhardt, Freiberg 1860.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony: Upper Harz Water Management System. 2008, p. 26 , accessed on December 2, 2015 (English).
  2. ↑ a b c d von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 277.
  3. ↑ The 13-Lachter-Stollen. Retrieved July 17, 2013 .
  4. ^ A b Bornemann, Kerl: Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitung, 19th year. 1860, p. 286.
  5. ↑ Jugler: The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel. In: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. , Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 211 f.
  6. ↑ Tiefer Georg-Stollen, suggestions for starting points. Retrieved February 11, 2016 .
  7. ↑ a b The deep-Georg tunnel. Retrieved July 17, 2013 .
  8. ↑ Borchers: The practical Markscheidekunst. 1870, p. 202.
  9. ↑ a b c Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 170.
  10. ↑ a b c The deep Georg tunnel. Retrieved July 17, 2013 .
  11. ↑ a b c "Last breakthrough Tiefer Georg Stollen". Dennert-Tanne 5. Accessed April 21, 2014 .
  12. ↑ 210 years ago "Last Breakthrough" Tiefer Georg Stollen. Retrieved February 11, 2016 .
  13. ↑ von Reden: Speech at the solemn beginning of the deep Georg-Stollen-Bau. 1777, p. 10.
  14. ↑ a b von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, p. 278.
  15. ↑ Dumreicher: Entire overview of the water management of the north-western Upper Harz. 1868, p. 33.
  16. ↑ Jugler: The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel. In: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. , Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 212 f.
  17. ↑ a b Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 171.
  18. ↑ von Groddeck: Overview of the technical conditions of lead and silver mining on the north-western Upper Harz. In: Journal for the mining, metallurgy and saltworks in the Prussian state. , Volume 14, 1866, pp. 277 f.
  19. ↑ Jugler: The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel. In: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. , Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 274.
  20. ↑ Hartmann: Pocket book for traveling mineralogists, geologists, mining u. Hut people through the main mountains of Germany and Switzerland. 1838, p. 102.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Among other things, these were the Lautenthaler Hoffnungsstollen, Goslar, the Laubhütter Stollen in Gründnerschen Thale and the Isaakstanner Stollen near Grund.
  2. ↑ It was precisely stated that "[...] the tunnel was to be driven from the aid of God and Isaac's Tanner tunnel"
  3. ↑ This was the construction time indicated in a Clausthal Mining Authority protocol by Vice Oberbergmeister Haberland.