Deep stretch of water
| Deep stretch of water | |||
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| General information about the mine | |||
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| Information about the mining company | |||
| Start of operation | 1803 | ||
| End of operation | 1930 | ||
| Funded raw materials | |||
| Degradation of | |||
| Geographical location | |||
| Coordinates | 51 ° 48 '22 " N , 10 ° 18' 52" E | ||
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| Location | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | ||
| local community | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | ||
| District ( NUTS3 ) | Goslar | ||
| country | State of Lower Saxony | ||
| Country | Germany | ||
The depth of the water path (also Bergmann scalers 24 route was called) a navigable sump route which in the deepest pits of Burgstätter and later Rose Hoefer and Zellerfelder gear trains occurring mine water collected. Later, the deep water section with the deepest water solution tunnel of the Upper Harz mining , the Ernst-August-tunnel , was penetrated .
history
planning
Even before the Tiefen Georg tunnel was completed in 1799, the need for an even deeper tunnel in the Burgstätter Revier was recognized . This was especially necessary because the Upper Harz mining industry suffered from the consequences of a French occupation of the entire country. This resulted in increased metal production and the depletion of ore reserves. It was intended that all mine water lying below the depths of the water route mines to collect and raise them afterwards centrally on the depths Georg-studs.
construction
It was not until four years later, in 1803, that the excavation of the deep water route , which was 60 Lachter (115 m) below the Tiefen Georg tunnel and brought in an average of 370 m depth on the Clausthal pits, was started . Initially, this swamp stretch was only supposed to run under the Burgstätter gangway and was started in the two lower mining areas. Because of sufficient water power, the shaft of the St. Lorenz pit was chosen as the main art shaft . The deep water stretch was mostly in solid rock, only in some places a vault walling was necessary.
In 1808 an extension was carried out by the Grube Anna Eleonore to pit Caroline (Clausthal) .
Since the yield of the pit Caroline from 1814 has eroded further, it was decided in 1815, the silver Segener Schacht 's new main Kunstschacht more cowardly abzuteufen (1817-1825). This was still necessary because a new day shaft was required for the expansion into the Rosenhöfer district. On the Burgstätter Gangzug, the shaft of the St. Elisabeth mine was sunk down to the deep water section.
The Clausthal machine director Johann Karl Jordan was commissioned in 1820 to develop a way of lifting the pit water from the Tiefen Wasserstreck to the Tiefen Georg tunnel. For this purpose, a new type of water column machine based on the Brendelian design was provided in the Silbersegener Richtschacht. Together with the Bavarian inventor Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach , the water column machine was optimized by means of a built-up counter pressure when the impact water was returned, which improved smoothness. For this purpose, a machine chamber below the Tiefen Georg tunnel in the Silbersegener Richtschacht was necessary. After the approval of the Clausthal Mining Authority in 1824, the first water column machine went into operation in 1830 and the second water column machine in 1835 and worked flawlessly until the connection of the deep water line to the Ernst August tunnel.
On July 15, 1827, the last breakthrough took place between the St. Lorenzer and Silbersegener shafts. 1828 St. Lawrence from an extension on the carried from the mine pit ring and silver cord to pit Silver Quill of the local pit rainbow . Thus in 1828 all pits of the Burgstätter and Rosenhöfer gangways were connected to the deep water route.
Upon completion, the individual track lengths included were cross passages from the pit Caroline to Zellerfelder limit 1585.625 Lachter, from the pit of St. Lawrence to the Old Segener bay 709.625 Lachter, in addition to Rose Höfer lode 519.875 Lachter and Zellerfelder lode 632.625 Lachter. The total length was thus 3447.75 Lachter (6633 m).
use
In 1833 ore shipping began with the help of wooden boats. The boats had a length of 9.76 m, a width of 1.38 m and a height of 0.97 m. The hold could accommodate three wooden boxes with a capacity of 0.8 m³ each. The payload was 3.6 t with a draft of 0.7 m; the draft of unloaded barges was 0.26 m. The shelf life should be 15 years, but in reality it was much less.
Masonry or lawn dams dammed the water on the deep water section to a height of 1.3 m, a maximum of 1.44 m was possible. The landing points for the ores extracted on the Burgstätter Gangzug were located directly at the Silbersegen and Alter Segen pits. Under the ridges the so-called was rudder rope stretched and secured with clamps. This rope often had to be replaced due to frequent rusting. The so-called boatmen pulled themselves along the oar rope and reached a maximum of 0.2 m / s with a loaded boat.
On the Burgstätter Gangzug ( Duke Georg Wilhelm mine and Anna Eleonore mine ) the ore was only removed "blindly" at the time. The mined ore was poured into filling rollers above the deep water section and loaded into the ship's boxes at the other end. In this way, the mining of ores became independent of shipping.
The quantities transported were initially 100 to 120 quintals of ore (approx. 5000 to 6000 kg), with 14 men transporting 1800 drifts (72,000 tons) per year . Shift and driving regulations ensured that everything ran smoothly.
The length of the navigable routes in the Burgstätter Gangzug was 1182 Lachter, from the St. Lorenz Pit to the Altensegener Schacht 709.5 Lachter and in the Rosenhöfer Gangzug 348 Lachter. Thus the total length was 2239.5 Lachter (4308 m).
Starting in 1846, the 4th light hole in the Tiefen Georg tunnel was sunk by 50 piles to the deep water section in order to carry out exploration there. This was part of the “Neuer Bergstern” experiment, which was carried out on the Silbernaal, Bergsterner and Rosenhöfer gangways.
Breakthrough with the Ernst August tunnel
As early as 1827 it was recognized that the capacity limits of the deep water section and in particular of the deep Georg gallery had almost been reached. It was finally decided to drive the deep water stretch to the edge of the Harz. For this purpose, the Ernst August tunnel was excavated at the level of the deep waterway from 1851 to 1864 and connected to it. This resulted in only minor operational changes on the deep water route.
Deepest stretch of water
After the mining administration was newly created for the Prussian states under the General Mining Act in 1865, the Clausthal Mining Inspection decided that the mines had to be modernized and centralized. In addition to other measures, a new swamp stretch was therefore created based on the model of the deep water route, which was designated as the deepest water route . This ran 120.25 Lachter (231 m) below the Ernst-August-Stollen and thus 18.4 Lachter (35 m) below the sea level of the North Sea.
This deepest waterway had the main advantage of being able to extract the ores from the Zellerfeld mines with the Burgstätter ores centrally in the Ottiliae shaft. Furthermore, mountains from the Zellerfeld district were added to the Burgstätter Revier .
Modernization and decommissioning
In 1868 it was planned for the first time to replace the now obsolete ore barge extraction with mechanical extraction. After the Ottiliae shaft had been sunk , the breakthrough with the deep water section and in 1871 the shaft was equipped with steam pumping, at least a mechanical drive was to be used for the barges. Both plans were not implemented for cost reasons.
In the 1870s, the wooden barges were gradually replaced by iron barges. These were longer and could accommodate four boxes, resulting in a payload of 4.8 t. Between 1873 and 1899, 270 tons of ore were transported to the Ottiliae shaft by barges every day. In the area of the Herzog-Georg-Wilhelm-, Königin-Marie- and Kaiser-Wilhelm-Schachts , filling rollers were attached until the end of the ore shipping. Eight to nine skippers cast off at the filling rollers at the same time, passed empty ships at alternative points and delivered their ship to the attackers at the Ottiliae shaft. The boatmen immediately switched to empty barges that were in a paved road. This section of pavement held up to 17 barges. One after the other, the attackers attached the boxes to chains, which were then brought to the surface in the Ottiliae shaft. The delivery time was three minutes per box and 10 to 12 minutes per boat. A boatman made one or two journeys per shift.
Between 1900 and 1905 the operation was temporarily stopped because the Ottiliae shaft was modernized and sunk down to the bottom of the deepest waterway. Immediately afterwards, after 70 years, ore shipping was modernized by replacing it with a mine railway. This funding method had already proven itself on the deepest water route.
In 1930 mining ceased around Clausthal-Zellerfeld and thus also on the deep water route. Nowadays, all of the mine workings have flooded below their bottom .
costs
In the period from 1803 to 1827, driving without the cost of the shafts cost 192,000 Reichstaler . Of this, the section from the St. Lorenz mine to the Silbersegener Schacht accounted for 94,000 Reichstaler.
The wooden barges used in the early days cost 250 marks (ℳ) each. In addition, there were annual repair costs of 60 ℳ. The iron barges used later cost 1,100 each, but the repair costs were lower.
See also
literature
- CJB Karsten, H. v. Dechen (Ed.): Archives for mineralogy, geognosy, mining and metallurgy . Volume 26, Issue 1. Georg Reimer, 1854.
- Bruno Kerl: The Upper Harz smelter trials . 2nd Edition. Verlag der Grosse'schen Buchhandlung, Clausthal 1860.
- U. Dumreicher: Entire overview of the water management of the north-western Upper Harz . Verlag der Grosse'schen Buchhandlung, Clausthal 1868.
- Ebeling: Development of the horizontal conveyance on the pits of the Royal Mining Inspection in Clausthal . In: Glückauf - Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine . December 9, 1905, p. 1530-1536 .
- Wilfried Ließmann : Historical mining in the Harz . 3. Edition. Springer, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Dennert, Sperling, Stoppel: Burgstätter Gangzug. In: Monographs of the German lead-zinc ore deposits. Series D, Issue 34, 1979, p. 137.
- ↑ Karsten, v. Dechen: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 215.
- ↑ a b c Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 175.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Ebeling: Development of horizontal conveyance on the pits of the Royal Mining Inspection in Clausthal. In: Glückauf - Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitschrift , No. 49, 41st year, 1905, p. 1531.
- ↑ a b Karsten, v. Dechen: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 216.
- ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 97.
- ↑ a b c d e Karsten, v. Dechen: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 217.
- ↑ Guy: The Upper Harz Hüttenverzesse. 1860, p. 82.
- ↑ a b Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 177.
- ↑ Guy: The Upper Harz Hüttenverzesse. 1860, p. 98.
- ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 178.
- ↑ Dumreicher: Entire overview of the water management of the north-western Upper Harz. 1868, p. 231.
- ^ A b Ebeling: Development of the horizontal conveyance on the pits of the Royal Mining Inspection in Clausthal. In: Glückauf - Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitschrift , No. 49, 41st year, 1905, p. 1532.
- ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 79.