Zellerfeld gangway
The Zellerfeld gangway train was one of three important gangways at Clausthal-Zellerfeld .
location
The Zellerfeld gangway stretched from the eastern edge of Wildemann to the urban area of Zellerfeld . The Burgstätter Gangzug represented a south-eastern extension.
history
In particular, comparatively large silver deposits in the area around the former centers of the Upper Harz mining industry, Clausthal and Zellerfeld, resulted in an intensive mining of silver-containing lead ores . Between 1200 and 1350, for example, ore was extracted, first over days and later at depths of up to 40 meters.
Driving the water solution tunnels
At the beginning of the 16th century , Duke Heinrich the Younger began to revive mining in the region. After a short time it was recognized that new ways of draining the pit water from the Zellerfeld corridor train had to be found.
From 1524, work was continued on the Tiefen Wildemann tunnel in Wildemann in order to create a water solution tunnel . Hard rock and insufficient ventilation meant that the work had to be postponed. From 1551, attempts were made to solve the problems of the Tiefen Wildemann tunnel through the Upper Wildemann tunnel and then with the help of the Glücksward tunnel , but failed there too because the rock was too hard.
In 1548 the Frankenscharrn tunnel was started as a water solution tunnel for the eastern pits of the Zellerfeld corridor train.
Twenty years later, work was resumed on the Glücksward tunnel, which until 1606 was driven through to the Rheinischer Wein mine near Zellerfeld with mallets and iron . It then got its current name 16-Lachter-Stollen , because it was 16 Lachter under the Frankenscharrn-Stollen. The 19-Lachter-Stollen, which is located 19 Lachter-Stollen under the 16-Lachter-Stollen, and the 13-Lachter-Stollen, which in turn is 13-Lachter-Stollen, were removed until the end of the 17th century Century driven to Zellerfeld.
Around 1680 there were 7 sweeping bikes and 17 artificial bikes on the Zellerfeld train. The water pumped out of the pits and the repeatedly used impact water flowed into the innermost part of the building via the 13-Lachter tunnel .
At the beginning of the 18th century , the 13 and 19 Lachter tunnels were connected to the most important pits of the Burgstätter corridor. Thanks to the intensive use of water arts , it was possible to progress to depths of 200 meters under the 13-Lachter tunnel.
Over the entire period, individual pits were gradually merged. In the middle of the 18th century there were still 15 of the original 50 pits.
Crisis from the second half of the 18th century
The Seven Years War and new technical problems caused another crisis in the Upper Harz mining industry from the second half of the 18th century. Some of the pits reached a depth of 250 meters below the 13-Lachter tunnel and dry summers provided only little impact water. As a result, water arts could no longer be operated and work in deep shafts had to be postponed due to flooding. Furthermore, the 13-Lachter tunnel could no longer absorb the volume of pit water due to its insufficient cross-section.
To solve this problem, a new and deeper hereditary tunnel was planned. After disagreements over the exact course and strife between the one-sided resin and the communion resin was July 26, 1777 the tailgating the depths Georg studs started.
The tunnel was already connected to all Clausthal and Zellerfeld mines in 1799. In the shaft of the Caroline pit , the deep Georg tunnel was about 150 meters below the now "disinherited" 13-Lachter tunnel at a depth of 286 meters. The costs of this project, which was very expensive at the time, amounted to 398,871 Reichstaler . They were 44.2% from the Harz residents, 26.7% from the trades, 25.9% from King George III. Wilhelm Friedrich and 3.2% from the mining treasury.
Deep stretch of water
In 1803, a common deep water section for the Zellerfelder, Burgstätter and Rosenhöfer gangways began to be excavated 115 meters below the bottom of the Tiefen Georg tunnel . From 1833 ore barges were used to travel a distance of 6,570 meters between the Caroliner and Schreibfeder shafts . This section did not have a slope (it was deadly ) and the necessary water was dammed by dams at a height of around 1.3 m. This new mode of transporting the mined ore proved extremely effective and was maintained until the beginning of the 20th century .
Ernst-August-Stollen
The inventions of the wire rope and the art of driving made profitable ore mining possible down to a depth of 600 meters. The resulting inexorably increasing amounts of mine water required a new and even deeper tunnel. Shortly before 1850, the deep water section and the deep Georg tunnel reached their load limits , which is why it was decided in 1850 to drive the deep water section to the edge of the Harz Mountains. The mouth of this tunnel should be near Gittelde .
From 1851 to 1864, the Ernst August tunnel was driven with a great deal of work in order to relieve the existing tunnels.
Modernization of the mines
When the long-term water solution was ensured by the Ernst-August-tunnel, the pits were modernized. In order to enable extraction from a depth of more than 700 m, the existing barrel-length shafts had to be replaced by modern, serpentine directional shafts . Water arts have largely given way to water column machines .
The Queen Mary Shaft , which was set up in 1856, took over the central lifting of the collected pit water from the deepest waterway to the Ernst August gallery .
From 1868, the Ottiliae shaft was sunk , which was supposed to relieve the Silbersegener shaft west of Clausthal as an additional production shaft. At the time, most of the stamp mills and ironworks were in the area . Around 1870, a central processing facility for the mined ores was built on the site of the shaft, which gradually replaced the old facilities around Clausthal and Zellerfeld.
Relocation of mining to other gear trains
At the end of the 19th century ore mining shifted more and more to the Burgstätter and Rosenhöfer gangway . With this relocation, sphalerite (zinc blende) also gained in importance, which increased in quantity in the now deeper pits.
Weimar Republic and the end of mining
The First World War led to overexploitation in the area around Clausthal . In 1924, the Clausthal mining inspection was taken over by Preussag and extensive exploration was carried out , which again included the Zellerfeld gangway. To this end, from 1926 the New Johanneser Schacht west of Zellerfeld was sunk to a depth of just under 630 m. Due to high production costs and falling yields, the Upper Harz mining industry found itself in an uneconomical situation. At the height of the global economic crisis, low metal prices did not result in sufficient income. In 1930 the mining around Clausthal-Zellerfeld - and thus on the Zellerfelder Gangzug - was stopped and then some pits were used to set up hydropower plants.
The fact that shortly before the mines were closed on January 31, 1930 the wooden headframe of the New Johanneser Shaft burned down, which miners referred to as the "death torch of the Upper Harz mining industry", certainly had no direct influence on the decision to close it, but it did have a high symbolic significance for the affected residents.
Water management
In the middle of the 19th century, 17 ponds with 144 acres and 57 million cubic feet of volume were available for operating the pits of the Zellerfeld gangway . Four ponds were used to operate eight processing water wheels. Ten bikes were also operated above ground and seven underground. There was also a network of ditches with a total length of 20,000 puddles (38.5 km) and watercourses with a total length of 315 puddles (606 m).
Mining and yields
Around the year 1550 the proportion of ore mining in the Zellerfeld mining area was 97% lead and 3% silver. On the other hand, 96% of the financial return from the mines came from silver and only 4% from lead. Copper was a constant by-product.
Further, galena (galena), chalcopyrite (chalcopyrite) and pyrite promoted (pyrite). Occasional deposits of calcite (calcite) and quartz were found , more rarely also ankerite (brown spar) and siderite (spate iron stone).
From 1860, sphalerite (zinc blende) gained economic importance.
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 159.
- ↑ The Burgstätter Gangzug. Retrieved July 15, 2013 .
- ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 167.
- ↑ The 13-Lachter-Stollen (Deep Wildemanns-Stollen). Retrieved July 15, 2013 .
- ↑ The 19-Lachter-Stollen. Retrieved July 15, 2013 .
- ↑ The 16-Lachter-Stollen (Glückswardstollen). Retrieved July 15, 2013 .
- ↑ The Frankenscharrn tunnel. Retrieved July 15, 2013 .
- ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 168.
- ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 170.
- ↑ The deep Georg tunnel. Retrieved July 15, 2013 .
- ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 171.
- ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 176.
- ↑ The Ernst-August-Stollen. Retrieved July 15, 2013 .
- ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 178.
- ↑ Dennert-Tanne 185. Retrieved July 15, 2013 .
- ^ Preussag timeline of the TUI Group. ( Flash ; 281 kB) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 20, 2015 ; Retrieved July 15, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 182.
- ↑ Jugler: The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel. In: Archives for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Mining and Metallurgy. , Volume 26, Issue 1, 1854, p. 267.
- ↑ Hartmann: Pocket book for traveling mineralogists, geologists, mining u. Hut people through the main mountains of Germany and Switzerland. 1838, p. 99.
literature
- Wilfried Ließmann : Historical mining in the Harz . 3. Edition. Springer, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 .
- Carl Hartmann: Pocket book for traveling mineralogists, geologists, mining and Hut people through the main mountains of Germany and Switzerland . Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1838.
- Friedrich Ludwig Christian Jugler : The Upper Harz silver mining at the end of the year 1849 and the Ernst August tunnel . In: CJB Karsten, H. v. Dechen (Ed.): Archives for mineralogy, geognosy, mining and metallurgy . tape 26 Issue 1. Georg Reimer, Berlin 1854, p. 199-294 .
Coordinates: 51 ° 49 ′ 27.2 ″ N , 10 ° 18 ′ 26 ″ E