Spiegelthaler hope shaft
| Spiegelthaler hope shaft | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| General information about the mine | |||
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| Information about the mining company | |||
| Start of operation | 1816 or 1817 | ||
| End of operation | 1925 at the latest | ||
| Funded raw materials | |||
| Degradation of | see Mined Ores | ||
| Greatest depth | 210 m | ||
| Geographical location | |||
| Coordinates | 51 ° 49 '54 " N , 10 ° 18' 54" E | ||
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| Location | northwest of Clausthal-Zellerfeld | ||
| local community | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | ||
| District ( NUTS3 ) | Goslar | ||
| country | State of Lower Saxony | ||
| Country | Germany | ||
| District | Clausthal mining inspection | ||
The Spiegelthaler Hoffnungsschacht (also Spiegelthaler Hoffnungs-Richtschacht or Grube Spiegelthal's Hope ) was mainly an auxiliary shaft for driving the Tiefen Georg tunnel and a test site for the world's first driving art east of Wildemann in the Upper Harz Mountains.
history
After the peak of mining activities on the Spiegel Valley Gangzug between 1720 and 1740, these came to a complete standstill in 1764 at the latest. The Himmlischer-Heerzug-tunnel , which had served the pits there as a water solution tunnel , did its job only very inadequately, as it brought only a little depth in the pits .
As the increasingly deeper pits around the mining towns of Clausthal Zellerfeld and Bad Grund from the second half of the 18th century new ways of dewatering required, which was 1777-1799 depth Georg cleats ascended . After the tunnel was completed, it was expanded several times from 1800 onwards. Starting in 1821 , a wing location 30 inches above the bottom of the Tiefen Georg tunnel was driven from the opposite site from two locations from the shaft of the closed pit Prophet Samuel and from the pit Herzog August and Johann Friedrich near Bockswiese . At the same time, there was an opportunity to revive the mining industry, which had been idle for over 50 years, in the course of this wing location. To speed up the work and to weathering the mirror Thaler hope Schacht was already in the 1816-1817 field of the former pit Friedrich Wilhelm recognized and in subsequent years to 96 Lachter (185 m) cowardly drilled Service.
The Spiegelthaler Hoffnungsschacht made it possible to drive two further locations, which divided the winged location into two stretches of 580 Lachter (1116 m, Prophet Samuel to Spiegelthaler Hoffnungsschacht) and 1038 Lachter (1997 m, Hoffnungsschacht to Herzog August and Johann Friedrich near Bockswiese) . In addition, the Spiegelthaler gangway could now be examined at a greater depth. In the first quarter of 1833 the breakthrough took place with the Tiefen Georg tunnel at a depth of almost 94 Lachtern (181 m). Due to the now existing water solution, two internal cycling arts became superfluous. There was only one uphole Kunstrad with two art sets and two Harz weather sets operated. A place 718 Lachter (1381 m) in length could be weathered by these two weather sets alone, which had never been achieved up to this point in time.
In mid-1833, Georg Ludwig Dörell suggested that the concept of driving art he had previously observed be implemented for the first time. This idea was approved by the Royal Mining Authority in the third quarter of 1833 for the Spiegelthaler Hoffnungsschacht, which is now 100 Lachter deep, and implemented immediately afterwards. After a few renovations, the world's first driving art started operating in 1833 and made it easier for the miners, most of whom came from Wildemann, to drive in and out and thus to reach the Tiefen Georg tunnel in the direction of Bockswiese.
In 1834 all experimental work was stopped after it was unsuccessful. In 1835 the wing location after Bockswiese was completed. In addition to its function as a light hole for the wing location of the Tiefen Georg tunnel, the shaft was for a short time the main shaft for the rainbow pit . Subsidized ores were driven through the depths Georg-tunnels up to the mirror Thaler hope Schacht, promoted there for days and with dogs to the present in the mirror Thal Pochwerken down.
Although the investigations in the Spiegelthaler Hoffnungsschacht were unsuccessful, it was hoped that the Ernst-August-Stollen would be able to carry out successful exploration at an even greater depth . Before 1850, the Spiegelthaler Hoffnungsschacht was stopped, since then it has only served passively as a light hole for the wing of the Tiefen Georg tunnel and has never been filled. It was not until the end of the 19th century that the Spiegelthaler Gangzug with the Ernst-August-Stollen was crossed again in an easterly course and again unsuccessfully.
Technical description of the first art of driving
After the punch with the depths Georg cleats was art boom turned in the shaft for driving skills. Since it was the first art of its kind, existing journeys between the rods of the driving art should be preserved. Not only after an accident or if the driving skills came to a standstill, it should be possible to drive in and out, but it was also still unclear how miners would get along with its use. Lastly, this should prevent bruising.
The two articulated crosses, which were coupled together and hung over the shaft and connected to the surface articulated bike, were moved together so that the points where the articulated driving rods were to be attached were 28 inches (0.7 m) apart. The artificial wheel was a 30 foot (about 9 m) diameter, 2 foot clearance, and 6 foot width wheel . There was also a sweeping wheel with a 28 foot diameter and 2 foot headlights. The Kehrrad was about the Striegel the upper levels Thaler pond digging Ernst-August-long to the wheel 953 Lachter (1,8 km) acted . The waste water from this sweeper wheel was fed to the artificial wheel via a 20 Lachter-long section of ditch as impact water and finally flowed further into the valley, where it impacted a processing wheel of a stamping mill.
The poles attached to the artificial crosses consisted of 4 Lachter (7.7 m) long, 6 inch (about 15 cm) wide and 4 inch (about 10 cm) thick pieces of spruce wood . Two pieces at a time were serrated and reinforced with two embedded iron rails, each 20 inches (50 cm) in length. The iron rails were fixed with bolts.
The shaft itself was divided into 22 sections by means of wooden platforms, each of which was separated from one another by a distance of 10 to 15 meters and taking into account the run of the rods and the location of the routes . The lifting height of an artificial cross was 28 inches (approx. 1.21 m), which also corresponded to the height distance of the steps attached to the rods. In this way it was ensured that at the end of a stroke all the steps on both rods were always at the same height. Handles were attached over the steps. Both steps and handles changed sides in the area of each boarding platform, so that a miner entering or leaving had to go to the other side of the driving skill on each boarding platform. There were 5 to 7 strokes per minute.
Between the stages (on the opposite side of the handles and steps) there were rollers made of spruce wood. They were 10 inches long and 12 inches in diameter and were designed to keep the rod from swaying in the shaft. Iron rails protect the rods in the areas where they ran along the rollers. As an additional safety device, there were five catch benches, which prevented a fall into the shaft if a rod ruptured or the maximum lift height should be 48 inches.
The art of driving revolutionized driving as it saved miners the tedious use of journeys . The drive out took 7 to 10 minutes (depending on the available water power) instead of half an hour. A maximum of twenty people were allowed to drive in or out at the same time in order to avoid excessive strain on the boom. Usually only 8 miners used the art at the same time.
After they were finally convinced of the usefulness of driving skills in 1835, a driving skill that was twice as long was built into the Duke Georg Wilhelm shaft . In 1836, at the instigation of Oberbergrat Julius Albert , further attempts were made to optimize driving skills in both shafts. In the case of the Spiegelthaler Hoffnungsschacht, nine iron wires were intertwined to create a rope. Four of these ropes were put together to form a wire rod 10 laughs long, 7 inches wide, and 6 inches thick. Struts were made between the steps to achieve the necessary rigidity . 10 laughs from this wire rod weighed 429 pounds and cost 10 Reichstaler . It was doubted, however, that the weight would be evenly distributed among all four load-bearing ropes.
Ultimately, the advantages of one driving skill outweighed and by 1843 there were already eight driving skills in the Harz Mountains.
For a long time, it was also unique that the art of driving in the seigeren Spiegelthaler Hoffnungsschacht was used to drive in and out. In general, the art of driving was only designed to be extended, as it was not connected in the otherwise ton-long shafts in the Harz Mountains. When retracting it could lead to uncontrollably high speed and irregular running. That is why driving in with the art of driving in the Harz was forbidden for a long time.
Mined ores
Mainly siderite (spate iron stone) together with galena ( galena ), quartz and calcite (calcite) were extracted via the Spiegelthaler Hoffnungsschacht . Pyrite (pyrites) and chalcopyrite (copper pyrites) were mined less frequently.
costs
The Spiegelthaler Hoffnungsschacht was the second most expensive experimental building in the Kingdom of Hanover in the middle of the 19th century and cost a total of 92,000 thalers from 1817 to 1834. Furthermore, it was by far the most expensive completed or canceled test building.
The wing location from the Prophet Samuel mine to the Duke August and Johann Friedrich mine cost between 140,000 and 150,000 Reichstaler.
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Ließmann: Historical mining in the Harz. 2010, p. 174.
- ↑ a b Dennert-Tanne 41.Retrieved on July 16, 2013 .
- ↑ Héron de Villefosse: About the mineral wealth. 1839, p. 505.
- ^ Spiegelthal - Untermühle - Bockswiese or Clausthal-Zellerfeld. Retrieved July 16, 2013 .
- ↑ a b c Bornemann, guy: Hütschenthaler-, Spiegelthaler- Hausherzberger gang train. In: Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitung , No. 47, Volume 18, 1859, p. 431.
- ↑ a b Héron de Villefosse: About the mineral wealth. 1839, p. 7.
- ↑ a b Héron de Villefosse: About the mineral wealth. 1839, p. 360.
- ↑ Héron de Villefosse: About the mineral wealth. 1839, p. 361.
- ^ A b Lehzen: Hanover's state budget. 1853, p. 121 f.
- ^ A b Leo: Textbook of mining science. 1861, p. 305.
- ↑ Dumreicher: Entire overview of the water management of the north-western Upper Harz . Verlag der Grosse'schen Buchhandlung, 1868, p. 66.
- ↑ above: New arena for mining science, taking into account the latest advances and discoveries. 1847, p. 173.
- ^ Leo: Textbook of mining science. 1861, p. 304 f.
- ↑ Hartmann: Comments on the driving skills. In: Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitung , No. 11, 13th year, 1854, p. 86.
- ↑ Hartmann: About the machines used to drive the miners in the shafts, or the so-called driving skills. 1846, p. 22.
- ↑ Hartmann: About the mineral wealth. 1839, p. 366.
- ↑ Hartmann: About the machines used to drive the miners in the shafts, or the so-called driving skills. 1846, p. 23.
- ↑ Hartmann: About the machines used to drive the miners in the shafts, or the so-called driving skills. 1846, p. 21 f.
Remarks
- ↑ Immediately after the experimental buildings in the Rosenhöfer Revier (99,100 Reichstaler) and before 25 other projects at the time. (The total expenditure was 867,700 Reichstaler.)
- ↑ The second most expensive completed / abandoned experimental building was the Franz August mine near Altenau, which cost a total of only 46,000 thalers from 1813 to 1844.
literature
- Antoine-Marie Héron de Villefosse : About the mineral wealth . Published by Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1839.
- Carl Friedrich Alexander Hartmann : About the machines used to drive the miners in the shafts, or the so-called driving skills . Gottfried Basse, Quedlinburg and Leipzig 1846.
- o. A .: New arena for mining science, taking into account the latest advances and discoveries . Published by G. Basse, Quedlinburg and Leipzig 1847.
- Wilhelm Lehzen: Hanover's state budget . Hahn'sche Hofbuchhandlung, Hanover 1853.
- Carl Friedrich Alexander Hartmann: Comments on the driving skills . In: Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitung . March 15, 1854, p. 85-87 .
- Karl Rudolph Bornemann, Bruno Kerl : Hütschenthaler-, Spiegelthaler- Hausherzberger gangway . In: Berg- und Hüttenmännische Zeitung . November 21, 1859, p. 430-431 .
- Wilhelm Leo: Textbook of mining science . Published by G. Basse, Quedlinburg 1861.
- A. Dumreicher: Entire overview of the water management of the north-western Upper Harz . Verlag der Grosse'schen Buchhandlung, Clausthal 1868.
- Wilfried Ließmann : Historical mining in the Harz . 3. Edition. Springer, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-540-31327-4 .