Driving

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Different types of driving in a representation from De Re Metallica Libri XII by Georgius Agricola , 1556: “ A) A miner who drives in on the drive; B) One who sits on the gag; C) One who drives in on the leather; D) Entering the stairs on steps made in the rock. "

In mining (as opposed to extraction ), driving , not to be confused with driving on , is any movement of people underground in a mine . It is irrelevant whether the miner moves on the basis of his own muscle strength or with the help of machines. While driving in mine areas that are not illuminated by artificial or natural light, the miner must always leave his mine lamp switched on.

Basics

Whenever a miner moves from one place to another underground, this is called driving. Even if the miner goes underground, he calls this activity driving. The designation is used either alone or in combination with other designations for a more detailed description of the process. The miner describes driving from one place to another as "going there". When the miner goes from above ground to underground, this process is called "starting up" or "running in". Conversely, if it moves from underground to surface, this is called "extending". When the miner moves with his own muscle power, this is called "non-mechanical driving". If he uses machine power in any form to move, this is called “machine driving”. Due to the mining laws, driving was only permitted in certain designated mine workings. Parts of a mine that are reserved for the movement of people on foot are referred to as driveways . Due to the mine buildings , which have become larger and larger over the years , driving the miners to their workplaces on site takes more and more time. In the second half of the 1970s, for example, a miner needed up to 100 minutes of his working time for daily driving.

Non-machine driving

Driving using your own muscle power can be done in different ways. Depending on the location, climatic conditions when driving, duration of exposure and physical performance, the miners are physically more or less stressed during the journey. The first form of driving using your own muscle power is walking upright in underground pits. Driving in flat stretches or tunnels is the least physically demanding form of driving. However, the prerequisite is that these mine workings have no bottlenecks and are not very low. Here the miner has to go through the mine workings, such as B. crawling bench ridges. This form of locomotion is also called driving in mining. To protect their clothing when driving through low pits, miners wear driving leather in front of their buttocks - even today . There are pits that are so low that the miner can only move about while lying down. For driving while lying down , the miner then uses elongated boards, which are known as travel boards. A great burden for the body is driving in struts with little thickness , especially since this accounts for up to 15.5% of the daily working time. The miner makes use of a drive to overcome height differences without mechanical assistance . Mine bicycles are used in the mines so that miners can get from one place to another faster in mine workings in which tracks have been laid .

Machine driving

In the case of large, extensive pit fields, it is almost impossible to drive with one's own muscle power; additional mechanical passenger transport systems must be available here. Several machines are available to the miner for mechanical driving. Passenger trains are used on the main routes to transport several miners to their distant workplaces or to get them back to the shaft at the end of the shift . Suspension monorails are also used for machine travel. If belt conveyors are used for driving , one speaks of belt experience . The transportation of people in shafts on the hoist cage by means of a hoisting machine is called a cable car . In this case, the same conveyor system is usually used that is otherwise used for the shaft conveyance . Another mechanical device for driving in shafts is driving art .

Retract and extend

The miner can run in and out in different ways, depending on the local equipment. The aim is that the entry and exit for the miners take place in such a way that the miners do not tire as much as possible and that the time for entry and exit is as short as possible. In the case of tunnel mines , the miner drives into the mine via the tunnel mouth hole and leaves the tunnel on the exit via the tunnel mouth hole. If the entrance or exit takes place over a sloping route , either stairs made of wood or stone steps, which were cut into the lying area , are used for driving . For steeply sloping stretches, either climbing trees or journeys are used. In the case of inclined mine structures that have a slope of up to 45 gons , special slides are used for the entrance , on which the driver slides into the mine structure. If manholes are used for driving , it depends on whether the manhole is tonnage or seiger . In the case of shafts with a length of tons, journeys were used for driving. In the case of seigeren shafts, journeys were also used for driving in the past. However, driving in and out is very tedious and also very time-consuming. It takes a miner around 44 minutes to drive into a 500 meter deep shaft. It takes around an hour and 20 minutes for the exit. The use of the driving art brings noticeable relief for the miners on the one hand and great time savings on the other. While the time for entry is only reduced by around five percent, the time for exiting is reduced to over half. The least effort and the shortest time for entry and exit is achieved with driving on the rope, the rope experience .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d e f g Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
  2. ^ A b c d Emil Stöhr, Emil Treptow: Basics of mining science including processing. Spielhagen & Schurich publishing house, Vienna 1892, pp. 209, 210, 222.
  3. ↑ a b Herold: The worker protection in the Prussian mountain police regulations. Published by Julius Springer Verlag, Berlin 1904, pp. 66–68.
  4. ↑ a b c Johann Christoph Stößel (Hrsg.): Mining dictionary. Chemnitz 1778.
  5. ^ A b c Carl Hartmann: Concise dictionary of mineralogy, mining, metallurgy and salt works. First section A to K, printed and published by Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Ilmenau 1825.
  6. ↑ Minerophilo Freibergensi: New and well-established mineral and mining lexicon . Different and much increased edition, by Johann Christoph and Johann David Stößeln. Chemnitz 1743.
  7. ^ Moritz Ferdinand Gätzschmann: Collection of mining expressions. Craz & Gerlach Publishing House, Freiberg 1859.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g J. Niederist: Fundamentals of mining science for practical instruction and use. Imperial and Royal Court book and art dealer FA Credner, Prague 1863.
  9. ^ BW Boki, Gregor Panschin: Bergbaukunde. Kulturfond der DDR (Ed.), Verlag Technik Berlin, Berlin 1952, p. 37.
  10. ↑ a b c Manfred Deiß, Volker Döhl, Dieter Sauer, Fritz Böhle: Public measures as conditions of company activities for the humane organization of working life. Volume I, Institute for Social Science Research eV, Munich 1980, pp. 84, 87, 160.
  11. ↑ Bernhard Kampmann: On the physiology of work in a warm climate. Results from laboratory tests and from field studies in coal mining, habilitation thesis at the Bergische Universität, Wuppertal 2000, pp. 190, 191.
  12. ↑ Carl Hartmann (Ed.): Concise dictionary of the mountain, hut and Saltwork science of mineralogy and geognosy. In addition to the German register with the English and French synonyms and registers in the latter language, first volume A to F, second completely revised edition, Buchhandlung Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1859, pp. 520, 521.
  13. ↑ Swen Rinmann: General mining dictionary . Zweyter Theil, Fr. Chr. W. Vogel, Leipzig 1808.
  14. ^ A b Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
  15. ^ Commission of the European Communities: Ergonomics in Mining. The results of the 5th ECSC ergonomics program, Luxembourg 1994, ISSN 1018-5593, pp. 132, 185.
  16. ^ Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, seventh edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 1950, p. 374.
  17. ^ General Association of German Hard Coal Mining (Ed.): Hard coal mining in Germany. Glückauf Verlag, Druck IDAG Industriedruck AG, Essen 2006, pp. 8, 12, 13.
  18. ^ Carl Hartmann: Vademecum for the practical miner. Second increased edition, Verlag von Otto Spamer, Leipzig 1856, pp. 267–275, 281–282.
  19. ↑ a b Friedrich Freise: History of mining and metallurgical technology. Published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908, pp. 44, 45.
  20. ↑ a b c Hans Höfer: Pocket book for miners. Second improved and increased edition, KK Bergakademische Buchhandlung Ludwig Nüssler, Loeben 1904, pp. 352–354.
  21. ^ A b Emil Stöhr: Catechism of Mining Studies. Lehmann & Wentzel bookstore for technology and art, Vienna 1875, p. 202.
  22. ↑ Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, 4th revised edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884, pp. 259-263, 261-262.