Funding man
The conveyor man was a miner who was responsible for transporting the material to be conveyed . In the Saxon mountain area, the miners were also called miners.
Basics and history
The exact designation of the conveyors was based on their respective activity or the device to be operated. Miners who were involved in shaft mining are called slingers and reel pullers . The conveyor people active in the route promotion were the tractor , the cart runner and the dog pusher . These activities were regarded as secondary activities. Only the work of the cutter was considered to be the actual mining activity . In order to keep the price for the mined natural resource low, the miners were poorly paid. In many mines women and children were used to promote the route. Since the mine boys were mostly not yet fully grown, they were able to move upright in the often very low stretches or tunnels . Usually, depending on their physical strength, two miners were used to convey a hoist.
Due to their height, women often had to crawl on all fours in the low stretches and pull the conveyors. The delivery amount that they had to transport with a vessel was not prescribed, but they were paid according to the transported amount. The strenuous work had an adverse effect on the women's organism. Belgian doctors found that women who worked underground often had problems giving birth and even miscarriages or stillbirths. Women also often had accidents underground. There were also frequent attacks by the male miners. Since the conveyors only conveyed in very sparse lighting, they had to be familiar with the routes. In particular , they had to know the locations of the blind shafts , which are often not well secured , so that they would not fall into them. They had to make sure that their light was always on and that they could light it up again if necessary. The daily working time was between 8 and 12 hours depending on the mining area .
tractor
The job of the tug is to pull the filled troughs from the dismantling . The empty towers were mostly carried back on their backs. Tugs were often used in coal mines. The conveyed payload in the towing trough was 120 kilograms. A tractor managed to move 1020 kilograms over a distance of 1000 meters during one shift. In order to be able to pull the towing trough, leather straps, the so-called Sielzeug, were attached to the towing trough, which the tractor put over his shoulders and then pulled with all his strength. He had to position himself so that the angle did not become too acute. To support him, he pulled himself forward on the extension with his hands. On steeply sloping stretches, he let the towing trough slide in front of him and braked it by bracing himself against the straps with his body weight. Since it was very difficult to pull the troughs, strong men were required to work as tugs. It was advantageous to use tractors in coal mines with longwall mining . Here they were able to mine the coal from the face to the main conveyor line. For the work in the mines, more tugs were needed for the extraction than there were tusks on site. In a mine in Sicily, for example, twice as many tugs were needed as tugs. In the Prussian mining districts, due to a lack of young traffickers, they were sometimes forced to use tugs as tractors and to pay them their wages.
Cart runner
Cart runners were used in mines to move loads of up to 175 kilograms on short, particularly narrow stretches using a cart . Depending on the height of the route, the cart runner had to handle the cart differently. First he attached a leather strap (the sielzeug) to the ends of the cart trees. In the case of short distances, he tied the toy around his waist and then had to bend forward and support himself with his hands on the back board. For higher distances he tied the sallet over his shoulder and grabbed the cart trees with his hands. Several cart runners were used for longer distances, so that a cart rider only had to move a full running cart a maximum of 84 m. On the way back he could easily recover with the empty wheelbarrow. In hard coal mines, cart runners were mainly used where the routes were very angled due to irregular seams or where this was advantageous for reasons of cost. The maximum conveying capacity of an experienced cart runner was about three bushels of coal per shift . Payment was either in shift wages or in kind .
Dog bumpers
The Hundestößer, also Huntstößer or dog runner, was a conveyor man who was responsible for promoting the Hunte . To move the hunt, the hunt pusher places both hands on the rear of the hunt and pushes the hunt down a little with his body weight, but in such a way that the front wheels are not raised. In this position he pushes the hunt forward. This position means that the main load is on the two rear wheels and the front wheels are used to keep the whole thing in balance. Since two wheels generate less friction, the Hunt was often pushed down so that it lifted slightly at the front. To empty the Hunt, he drops the Hunt onto the front wheels, which makes it easier for the Hunt to fall out. In order to change direction with the hunt, the dog pusher had to lift the hunt a little at the front and was able to turn it. The conveying lengths were between 80 and 100 meters, depending on the mine. In the case of Hunten with a load of 200 kilograms, the dog pusher was given a pit boy to support him. A dog pusher was able to move a payload of 1400 to 1500 kilograms over a length of 1000 meters during one shift. Dog pushers worked in the Gedinge , the Gedinge was determined according to the conditions of the respective mine.
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Carl Langheld: The conditions of the miners in the Saxon shelf mining . Published by JG Engelhardt, Freiberg 1855.
- ^ Christian Heinrich Gottlieb Hake: Commentary on mining law. Kommerzienrath JE v. Seidel art and bookstore, Sulzbach 1823.
- ^ WFA Zimmermann: Chemistry for laypeople. Seventh volume, published by Gustav Hempel, Berlin 1861.
- ↑ Bruno Hildebrand (Ed.): Yearbooks for Economics and Statistics. Volume 12, printed and published by Friedrich Mauke, Jena 1869.
- ↑ CJHeine (ed.): The mine friend . Seventeenth volume, printed and published by Georg Reichardt, Eisleben 1854.
- ^ Carl Hartmann: Handbuch der Bergbaukunst. Second volume, Verlag Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1852.
- ^ Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence. Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
- ^ Wilhelm Leo: Textbook of mining science. Printed and published by G Basse, Quedlinburg 1861.
- ^ > Gustav Leonhard: Fundamentals of mineralogy, geognosy, geology and mining science. JB Müller publishing house, Stuttgart 1852.
- ^ R. von Carnall: The mines in Prussia and their taxation. Published by Wilhelm Herß, Berlin 1850.
- ^ A b Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, 3rd edition. Published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1878.
- ^ Julius Weisbach: Manual of mining mechanics. Second volume, Mathematische Maschinenlehre, Weidmann'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1736, pp. 339–341.
- ↑ Carl Hartmann (Ed.): Conversations-Lexicon of mining, metallurgy, & salt works and their auxiliary sciences. Second volume, EG, J. Scheible's Buchhandlung, Stuttgart 1840, pp. 388-289.
- ↑ German Encyclopedia or general real - dictionary of all arts and sciences of a society scholars . Nineteen volume, Kam - Kep, bey Barrentrapp and Wenner, Frankfurt am Main 1796.
- ↑ CvOeynhausen, HvDechen: About the funding = methods on the coal mines in Königl. Prussian Märkischen Bergamt = district. In: Carl Johann Bernhard Karsten (Ed.): Archives for mining and metallurgy . Seventh volume, published by G. Reimer, Berlin 1823.
- ^ Franz von Paula cabinet: The beginnings of mining science. Academic bookseller Wilhelm Krüll, Ingolstadt 1793.
- ↑ A. Burat, Heinrich Krause, JP Hochmuth: Applied Geognosy or the discovery and construction of usable minerals. Published by Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 1844.
- ^ Johann Heinrich Ludwig Bergius: New Policey and Cameral Lexicon. First volume, MG Weidmanns Erben und Reich, Leipzig 1775.
Remarks
- ↑ The work of women in underground mining was actually considered immoral, unfeminine and harmful to health and was forbidden in the course of the 19th century by ordinances of the regional mining authorities. (Source: Julia Landau: The everyday working life of women and girls in the Soviet industrial province of Kuznetsk Basin. )