Filling location

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Filling point of the Braunschweig-Lüneburg salt mine

The filling point (Mz. Filling points or filling points ), also called shaft filling point or stop , is the functional interface in underground mining between the mostly sloping (vertical) shaft conveyance and the bottom (horizontal) line conveyance . It is the underground counterpart to the hanging bench . In the first half of the 20th century, the filling site was still one of the biggest accident hotspots in the Ruhr coal mining industry.

Basics

From a spatial perspective, the filling point is the intersection of a shaft and a section or tunnel . The term "bottom land" comes from the time when this part of the underground workings of the contents of the here from the breakdown geschafften tram into the feed bucket filled the well production (order). The filling point is the largest transshipment point for conveyed goods in the entire mine . It serves as a storage for the conveyed goods in the conveyance and thus creates a balance between the shaft and the line conveyance. The task of the filling location is to enable a smooth transition between the conveyor belt and the shaft conveyor. At the same time, the filling point for the cable car is a transfer point for miners traveling to and from the surface . The filling location must therefore be created in such a way that conveying processes that are as simple and easy to use as possible can be carried out.

layout

The design of the filling location varies depending on the requirements and geological conditions and is sometimes very extensive. In order to protect the filling site from mining convergences , it must be spatially created in the shaft safety pier. So that the full conveying capacity of the respective conveying shaft can be optimally used, the shape of the filling location and its equipment are very important.

Pre-industrial mining

At that time, the filling location , which was also called the filling bank , filling hole, stop chamber or barrel stall , was an extended pit that was built next to or around the shaft. The filling point was at least as wide as the shaft diameter , sometimes also wider and usually extended to the depth of the shaft. The height of these filling points was usually two fathoms . From the mining operations have been minerals from the conveying people by Hunt to the shaft supported . There they were thrown into the filling point and temporarily stored here before they were then carried away with the shaft conveyor . So that the collected minerals could be conveyed away from the filling point, they had to be manually filled into the shaft hoisting vessels. So that the conveying vessels could be filled, an indentation with a small shoulder was created below the bottom in the shaft wall, on which the conveying barrel was placed during filling. Then the minerals on the lying surface were filled into the shaft hoisting vessels by means of a scraper and trough. This work was carried out by miners called fillers. There were also mines where the conveyor barrel placed in this way was filled directly from the hunt. In addition, the filling points placed on the side of the shaft were required to turn the extracted pit timber. This was particularly necessary when the pit timber was larger than the shaft cross-section.

The filling point was later placed below the bottom of the track . For this purpose, a rectangular space was created below the floor in front of the shaft. The room had a square footprint two to three laughs long and one to one and a half laughs high. In the lower area the filling point ran out to a funnel-shaped constriction, which was provided with a slide. In the case of solid adjacent rock, the filling point was created without expansion ; in the case of brittle rock, the filling point had to be provided with expansion. The bottom of the filling point was expanded so that the outlet opening remained free. Below the filling bench, a space was left free so that a hunt could drive under it. This hunt had either half or all of the volume of the bucket. The hunt was pushed under the outlet opening for filling and quickly filled by pulling the slide open. The filled hunt was pushed up to the shaft wall and its contents were there emptied into the waiting drum. To be filled, the conveyor barrel had to be as low as possible below the floor. For this purpose, it was placed on a designated platform that was installed lower in the shaft.

Modern mining

Filling location

Modern filling sites are definitely comparable to underground tunnels in terms of function and spatial extent. Trolleys from dismantling are pushed onto conveyor frames and empty trolleys or trolleys loaded with material from above are pushed out ( frame conveyance ), or conveying containers from storage bunkers near the shaft are filled with conveyed goods (container conveyance ). Due to the increased conveying capacity, a high level of mechanical support is required at the filling location. This in turn requires correspondingly larger dimensions in height, width and length. Depending on the requirements, the height of the filling point is around five to six meters, sometimes even seven to eight meters. A great height is particularly necessary for the cable car so that there are as many descent points as the basket has supporting floors. Only in this way is it possible for all miners on the basket to be able to get on and off at the same time. The smallest width must be at least as large as the clear shaft diameter. If the shaft has two shaft conveyors, at least five tracks are required in the filling location. As the distance from the shaft increases, the height and width of the filling point decrease until they reach the dimensions of the conveyor line . The roof is designed with a gradual incline in order to avoid eddy currents from the weather and accumulations of mine gases.

Fill location shapes

Basically, a distinction is made between single-leaf and double-leaf filler words. In the case of double-wing filling stations, there is a full and an empty side, and the car change on the conveyor cage is carried out in one sequence, in that the full conveyor car is pushed open and the empty hunt is pressed. In the case of single-wing filling stations, which are only suitable for relatively small delivery volumes, the empty trolleys are first pulled off the conveyor cage and then the full ones are pushed on from the same side, which more than doubles the turnaround time.

According to the design of the carriage circulation, a distinction is made between filling points with and without bypass and still between single-loop and two-loop filling points. Filling locations for container conveying are basically structured differently, since here the horizontal conveying flow is led past the side of the shaft, is conveyed by the conveying means into the intermediate bunker and from there into the measuring and filling pockets. Here the manhole stop is only used for maintenance and repair purposes and in some cases for rope travel.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
  2. ↑ a b c d B. W. Boki, Gregor Panschin: Bergbaukunde. Kulturfond der DDR (Ed.), Verlag Technik Berlin, Berlin 1952, pp. 38–39.
  3. ↑ a b c d Heinrich Veith: German mountain dictionary with evidence . Published by Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn, Breslau 1871.
  4. ^ Wilhelm Hermann, Gertrude Hermann: The old collieries on the Ruhr. 4th edition, Verlag Karl Robert Langewiesche, successor Hans Köster KG, Königstein i. Taunus, 1994, ISBN 3-7845-6992-7 .
  5. ^ W. Heidorn: The production accidents in the Ruhr coal mining and their control . In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund (ed.), No. 16, 72nd year, April 18, 1936, pp. 369–373.
  6. ^ A b Carl Friedrich Richter: Latest mountain and hut lexicon . First volume, Kleefeldsche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1805.
  7. ↑ Th. Imme: Linguistic explanations of known expressions of the German miner language . In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund (Ed.), No. 21, Volume 46, May 28, 1910, pp. 765–766.
  8. ↑ a b Explanatory dictionary of technical terms and foreign words used in mining, metallurgy and salt works . Falkenberg'schen Buchhandlung publishing house, Burgsteinfurt 1869.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1961, pp. 473–483.
  10. ↑ a b c d Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science. Second volume, fifth increased and improved edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 1932, pp. 609–632.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f Alois Riman, Friedrich Lockert: Project planning and rationalization of coal mines . Springer Verlag Wien GmbH, Vienna 1962, pp. 108–114.
  12. ↑ K. Kegel: Textbook of mountain economy . Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH, Berlin Heidelberg 1931, pp. 367-368, 395-411.
  13. ↑ a b c Moritz Ferdinand Gätzschmann: Collection of mining expressions . Craz & Gerlach Publishing House, Freiberg 1859.
  14. ^ A b c d Carl Stegmayer: Handbook of mining art for everyone . Publishing house by JL Kober, Prague 1862, pp. 171–172.
  15. ↑ Christian Zimmermann: The Harz Mountains described in a special relationship to natural and industrial studies . A handbook for travelers and all who want to get to know the mountains better, first part, printed and published by Carl Wilhelm Leske, Darmstadt 1834, p. 395.
  16. ^ Wilhelm Leo: Textbook of mining science. Printed by and published by G Basse, Quedlinburg 1861, pp. 448-449.
  17. ^ A b Carl Hartmann: Handbuch der Bergbaukunst. First volume, Verlag Bernhard Friedrich Voigt, Weimar 1844, pp. 346–348.
  18. ↑ a b c d Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. Sixth improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903, pp. 428-429.
  19. ^ Stephan Behlen: Textbook of mountain and soil science in relation to forestry . Second department, geognosy and geology, in the Hennings'schen Buchhandlung, Erfurt and Gotha 1826, p. 228.
  20. ^ A b Carl von Scheuchenstuel: IDIOTICON of the Austrian mountain and hut language . kk court bookseller Wilhelm Braumüller, Vienna 1856.
  21. ^ Christian Ludwig Stieglitz: Encyclopedia of Bourgeois Architecture, in which all subjects of this art are dealt with in alphabetical order . Zweyter Theil EJ, by Caspar Fritsch, Leipzig 1794, p. 570.
  22. ↑ Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, 4th improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884, p. 189.
  23. ↑ a b Heinrich Otto Buja: Engineering manual mining technology, deposits and extraction technology. 1st edition, Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin-Vienna-Zurich, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-410-22618-5 , pp. 263-264.

Remarks

  1. ↑ In mining, "falling" means pouring mineral masses onto a pile. (Source: Heinrich Veith: German Mountain Dictionary with evidence .)
  2. ↑ In the case of double-leaf filling stations, the full carriages are pushed onto the conveyor baskets from one side of the filling station and the empty carriages roll down from the cage to the other side of the filling station. With single-wing filler words, everything is done from one side. (Source: BW Boki, Gregor Panschin: Bergbaukunde. )