Lüderich mine
| Lüderich mine | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| General information about the mine | |||
 Watercolor by Wilhelm Scheiner 1897 |
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| Information about the mining company | |||
| Start of operation | 1837 | ||
| End of operation | 1978 | ||
| Funded raw materials | |||
| Degradation of | Zinc cover / lead gloss | ||
| Degradation of | Galena | ||
| Geographical location | |||
| Coordinates | 50 ° 56 '16.5 " N , 7 ° 13' 0.9" E | ||
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| Location | Steinenbrück | ||
| local community | Overath | ||
| District ( NUTS3 ) | Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis | ||
| country | State of North Rhine-Westphalia | ||
| Country | Germany | ||
| District | Bensberg ore district | ||
The Lüderich mine is a former non-ferrous metal ore mine in the Bensberg ore district in Overath in the Steinenbrück district . The Lüderich mining field extended over the entire Lüderich ridge to the municipality of Rösrath . There was also the largest ore deposit "Hanging Summer" in the vicinity of Bleifeld . The main operating point was in the vicinity of the main shaft. The clubhouse of the Lüderich golf course is located there today .
history
Mining in Roman times
Fragments of Roman ceramics were found for the first time in 1997 between the village of Bleifeld and the Franziskaschacht. Finds of lead and slag followed. Excavations between 2000 and 2005 explored the likely extent and extent of the Roman mining industry that operated here in the second and third decades of the first century and secured the relevant evidence. During the excavations, various types of Roman ceramic shards came to light. In addition, so-called fire residues, such as charcoal, bricked clay, pieces of lead , occasional slag and furnace wall pieces, could be dug out, all of which pointed to the smelting of lead and silver ores directly on site. The excavation results showed that the Romans or Roman legionaries operated mining on the Lüderich. In this context you have to know that one ton of galena contained around 300 to 700 grams of silver. The Romans minted silver coins with it and used the lead for their roofs.
The mining of the high Middle Ages
To the west of the Roman mining excavation site, one comes across heaps from the 13th century. Most likely these are related to the mining "around the year 1250", which Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden is said to have operated in order to gain funds for the construction of Cologne Cathedral . From this it can be concluded that the financing of the cathedral was supported with the silver won for coins, while the lead was used directly for the construction of the cathedral, namely for the connection of components. The lead was also used in very large quantities for roofing. Further indications for the mining by Konrad von Hochstaden result from finds of this mining. The AltenMann was repeatedly encountered during the exploration work of the 19th century . Early 20th century had been doing in 60 m depth gezähe found from the 13th century, the one in Bergisch Museum of Mining, trade and industry in Bensberg can see.
The early modern era and pre-industrial mining
The earliest written evidence of mining in the Bensberg ore district goes back to a document dated August 23, 1512. However, it cannot be clearly established for which area this document was valid. A later document from July 5, 1518 explicitly mentions Lüderich as a mining site. From that time on, mining was carried out here with constant interruptions until the middle of the 16th century. After a long break, on October 8, 1738, Hofrat Gumpertz received a general loan “for the yield of every two hours in the vicinity of Bensberg” found in iron, copper, lead and silver mines. Lüderich was included in it.
Around 1830 the " Chaussee from Bensberg to Altenbrück" was under construction. When they wanted to mine gravel for the expansion in a quarry in Altenbrück for this purpose, lead ores were found near what would later become the old Lüderich tunnel. This developed into a humble mining industry, about which only scant information is available. For the period from 1837 to 1858, the Lüderich colliery book is available with a total of 276 pages. It provides extensive information about the initial efforts to organize a coherent mining operation on the Lüderich. It is reported that before 1837, the self-laborer mine as a mine field in the name Lüderich "hope" invested was. The self-wage earners sold the mine in 1846 to the " Antonius Union ". From now on they looked for outcrops in many places on the Lüderich and initially relied on courage . The following pit fields are mentioned:
- The Cerres mutation is later not mentioned.
- The Rothenbach mutation was later named Grube Franziska .
- The operation of the Lüderich train is created with a tunnel , the so-called Lüderich tunnel .
- A tunnel was driven on the spring pit and a shaft was sunk , the so-called spring shaft .
- Finally, the Grubenfelder Bergmannfreude, summer, autumn and winter are mentioned.
Zinc ore deposits, which were found in large quantities, have been reported for the first time since 1846. The reason for this is that the smelting of zinc ore, which had been invented at the beginning of the 19th century , had developed so far that it could be used industrially. In the period that followed, a real zinc rush broke out in the Bensberg ore district. This led to a quick assessment of the building worthiness of the ore deposits with subsequent mortgage lending . With the exception of Franziska, all Mutations lost their status on June 9, 1848. From now on, four pits were always named with Lüderich, Frühling, Bergmannsfreude and Sommer.
Industrial mining
On August 20, 1852, the company Charles Rochaz et Cie was incorporated as the previous owner with all mines and facilities in the ore district of Bensberg into the newly founded company "Rhein-Prussische Zink-, Gruben- und Hütten-Gesellschaft St. Paul de Sincay & Companie" , which was merged on May 26, 1853 with its parent company, the Société Anonyme des Mines et Fonderies de Zinc de la Vieille-Montagne, founded in 1837 by the Belgian banker and industrialist François-Dominique Mosselman , based in Angleur near Liège in Belgium. It was customary to call the company the Altenberg Society or, for short, the Altenberg Society, as you can see in the mining book .
First the previous pits were combined and divided into two square fields, Maximilian and St. Paul. This moved away from the previous "stretched fields" and at the same time covered the Lüderich with all pinging trains over a large area and manageable . The name St. Paul was a throwback to the founder of the Vieille Montagne Louis St. Paul de Sincay. It is not yet known who was meant by the name Maximilian.
The St. Paul mine field was awarded on November 25, 1854 for blende , lead and copper ores . The award of cover, lead and copper ores for the Maximilian mine field followed on November 29, 1854. Already the following year, on July 27, 1855, both fields were consolidated under the common name Lüderich. On September 20, 1861, eleven more mine fields were consolidated in the vicinity under the common name Lüderich. At the same time, the right to extract copper, manganese and iron ores as well as pyrites was extended to the entire consolidated field, but this remained economically insignificant. It was about the mine fields:
- Lüderich I awarded on July 2, 1858 to lead, zinc, copper and manganese ores,
- Lüderich II awarded on November 12, 1859 for lead, zinc, copper and iron ores, as well as pyrites,
- Lüderich III awarded on June 1, 1858 for zinc, lead and iron ores,
- Lüderich IV awarded on March 31, 1859 for zinc, lead and iron ores,
- Lüderich V awarded on November 14, 1860 to lead, copper, zinc ores and pyrites,
- Lüderich VI awarded on October 18, 1860 for lead, copper, zinc and iron ores, as well as pyrites,
- Lüderich VII awarded on November 14, 1860 for lead, copper, zinc and iron ores, as well as pyrites,
- Ludgerus awarded on August 23, 1858 for lead and zinc ores,
- Immekeppel awarded on August 25, 1858 for lead, copper, zinc, manganese and iron ore,
- Spoon end awarded on March 17, 1861 for lead, copper, zinc and iron ores,
- Sülz awarded on March 19, 1861 to lead, copper, zinc and iron ores.
The fields around the previous mining field were considered to be hopeful , which means that one hoped to find something at some later point in time. Information had been found here before the award ceremony; but these were not significant enough to continue the search. Nevertheless, they wanted to secure the rights in order to continue mining on another occasion. Trial work has only been carried out in isolated cases.
Operation and facilities
Civil engineering
With the transfer of mine ownership to the Altenberg company, mining on the Lüderich experienced a noticeable boom. The August tunnel, also known as the deep August tunnel, became the central facility. He had a connection with the reservoirs of spring and the joy of miners. In 1849 a railroad had already been laid in the August tunnel. Then it was built through the Katzbachtal to the country road and for processing in Steinenbrück. The steep gradient made it possible to assemble 15 to 20 filled mine cars as a train; before that a special brake truck was hitched. Now the train rolled without any effort by itself to the preparation. The empty wagons were pulled back by horses.
Above Altenbrück, the north shaft was sunk in 1870, which was used to drive the first underground excavation under the Lüderich tunnel. For the first time, it was a machine shaft from the Lüderich mine, through which water also had to be pumped out of the mine building. When the main shaft was sunk later, the north shaft was abandoned.
In 1876 the central shaft was sunk on the dump of the spring tunnel. From this name you can see that from here the complete mining of the Lüderich mine could take place for a long time. The goods were transported from here via the August tunnel for processing to Steinenbrück. To align and dismantle the summer deposit, the south shaft southwest of Bleifeld was sunk in 1883 and remained in operation until 1920. In 1892 the Franziskaschacht was sunk to a depth of 237.4 m and connected to the central shaft over a stretch .
Towards the end of the 19th century, a fundamental change in the operating procedures and reorganization were planned. Because the processing plant was to be relocated to the north slope, the future main shaft had to be placed near it, from where all of the production should be carried out in the future. Work began in 1896. At the end of 1897, the new operating points could be put into use. The Franziskaschacht and the Südschacht remained in operation as supply shafts. The central shaft was equipped in 1906 with an attached colliery house with offices and laundry rooms . Since the treatment in stone bridge was out of service, the central shaft came only as a man-riding shaft into consideration, where the layer of the miners began.
Main shaft of the Lüderich pit with machine house 1902, the water is pumped into an elevated tank for treatment
The August tunnel in 1903
From 1954 to 1978 the Franziska shaft only served as a weather shaft
Processing plants
The processing plant in Steinenbrück was still in operation until the end of the 19th century. In 1896 they began to build a new processing facility on the northern western slope of the Lüderich. This was particularly advantageous because since 1892 the Cologne-Mülheim-Lindlar railway line to Immekeppel had been built and a train station had been set up in Untereschbach . In addition, the steep slope - starting from the introduction of the conveyed material on the top level - could be used to convey the material from one work step to the next to the next lower level until the final extraction and loading of the ore concentrate. In addition, the latest machines were used everywhere. It started at the end of 1897. In the 1920s, the old processing was converted into a flotation . This allowed the yield to be maximized significantly.
The last shift
At the beginning of the 1970s, the supplies on the Lüderich in the main Hangender Sommer deposit were gradually running out. The world market prices for zinc achieved record results at that time. At the Julien mine at the former train station in Bensberg, 1.4 million tons of minable zinc and lead ores were still stored, as was known from test drilling. It was calculated that the processing plant of the Lüderich mine could be used economically for another six to eight years if about 1/3 material from the hanging summer and 2/3 material from the Julien mine at Bensberg station were put through for further production would have.
On May 15, 1975, presented at the Mining Office wins a request for consent to the granting of mining and operating license. After long negotiations with the mining authority in Siegen and the city of Bergisch Gladbach , the groundbreaking ceremony for the Olefant mine took place on November 25, 1975, and the public was informed . That created unrest among the population. A citizens' initiative was founded, which had set itself the task of preventing future mining. The psychological pressure grew so that the city of Bergisch Gladbach sided with the citizens. On March 22, 1977, the city issued a revocation notice of the earlier permit. This meant that further work on the Olefant shaft had to be abandoned. Complaints initiated by the mine operator took a long time and could not stop the end of the Lüderich mine. On October 27, 1978, the last shift was driven on the Lüderich. On October 31, 1978, the entire mine operation including the processing plant was closed.
Mining trail
The Bergbauweg, a 12 km long, signposted circular hiking trail from Hopesthal train station , connects memories of mining on Lüderich at ten stations.
literature
- Emil Buff: Description of the Deutz mountain district. Bonn 1882
- Willy Esser: Bergische Bergbau in the 18th century. In: Journal of the Bergisches Geschichtsverein, year 1925/1926, volume 55
- History Association Rösrath e. V. (Ed.): Mining in the Bergisches Land, examples of mining traces between Sülz and Wahnbach. Rösrath 2002. ISBN 3-922413-52-8
- Herbert Stahl (editor), Gerhard Geurts , Hans-Dieter Hilden, Herbert Ommer , Siegfried Raimann: The legacy of ore, Volume 4: Der Lüderich. Bergisch Gladbach 2008. ISBN 3-932326-52-0
Individual evidence
- ↑ Gabriele Körlin, Die Römer auf dem Lüderich - Excavations 2000-2002, in: Bergbau auf dem Lüderich, Rösrath 2002, ISBN 3-922413-52-8 , p. 89ff.
- ^ Herbert Stahl (editor), Gerhard Geurts, Hans-Dieter Hilden, Herbert Ommer, Siegfried Raimann: Das Erbe des Erzes, Volume 4, Der Lüderich , Bergisch Gladbach 2008, ISBN 3-932326-52-0 , p. 15ff.
- ↑ Das Erbe des Erzes Volume 4, Der Lüderich p. 19ff
- ^ Commemorative medal in memory of Louis St. Paul de Sincay
- ↑ Das Erbe des Erzes Volume 4, Der Lüderich p. 21ff
- ↑ Das Erbe des Erzes Volume 4, Der Lüderich p. 30ff
- ↑ Das Erbe des Erzes Volume 4, Der Lüderich P. 73ff
- ↑ Das Erbe des Erzes Volume 4, Der Lüderich p. 56ff
Web links
- The Lüderich - Mining in the border area ( Memento from June 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- Rhenish industrial culture, Overath Zeche Lüderich
- Golfclub am Lüderich eV
- ISH Steinenbrück
- Hiking trail on the Lüderich
Remarks
- ↑ A stretch is the definition of the position and size of the pit field. (Source: Tilo Cramm, Joachim Huske: Bergman language in the Ruhr area. )