Rod water retention

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In mining, rod water retention is a mechanical construction that consists of a steam-powered drive engine and a piston pump , which are spatially separated from one another and connected to one another via a rod. The linkage mine drainage is the oldest with steam -driven dewatering machine , the mining for pumping the mine water was used. By the middle of the first half of the 20th century, these machines were largely replaced by modern, underground water-holding machines.

Basics and history

When the coal mining industry switched to civil engineering , great difficulties arose in the area of dewatering . With increasing depth, depending on the region, the amount of pit water increased considerably. Dewatering machines such as the Bulgenkunst , in which the water was removed from the mine building by scooping, or the Heinzenkünste , were not capable of handling larger amounts of water. At the beginning of the 19th century, the first so-called fire machines were used to lift water in the Silesian mountain areas. The driving steam engine was set up above ground. In the shaft a plurality of printing have been mounted or sentences to the sump ranged. Drive and pump were connected to one unit via a sump rod. Boom water retention systems were used up to a depth of 600 meters. After the first underground steam water retention machine was put into operation in 1870, it had proven itself and was widely used in mining, the rod water retention systems were largely displaced. However, boom water retention was still used where there was a risk that the pumps installed underground could drown and these should then be secured against this event by means of the boom water retention.

Layout and function

A balancing machine in the Bochum mining museum

drive

In the beginning, single-cylinder steam engines were used as driving machines. These machines were non-rotating machines without a flywheel. With this type of construction, there were direct-acting machines and balancing machines . Balancing machines were the older type, with steam acting on the pistons from above. These machines were considerably more expensive. Despite their higher cost, they were used where the space above the shaft was required for shaft conveyance or other purposes. At the beginning of the 1850s, direct-acting machines without balancers were introduced in mining. In this design, the steam was introduced into the cylinder below the piston. In the following years, further developments up to double-acting machines were introduced. Until the beginning of the 1960s, the double expansion machine, the Woolf machine with two cylinders, was considered the best machine for high power outputs. These machines were equipped with a flywheel, which made the balancing necessary for the single-acting machines superfluous. The machines in this system were very complicated but had the best effect. The direct-acting machines replaced the balancing machines in the following years, as these were too cumbersome due to their large masses to be moved and not suitable for high speeds.

Pump sets

Standing shaft pumps were used as pumps. Lifting pumps, pressure pumps and links between lifting and pressure pumps, the so-called Ritterer sets, were used. With lifting pumps, the water is lifted through the linkage. These pumps also work underwater. Lifting pumps can only lift the water to a height of 60 to a maximum of 120 meters. In the case of rod water retention, the lowest set is usually designed as a lifting pump. In mining, lifting pumps with a low pressure head are called suction pumps. With a pressure pump, the water is partially or even completely pushed upwards by the weight of the rod that goes down. In the case of pressure pumps, the maximum pressure head of 130 meters was not exceeded because it was assumed that the seal would not be sufficient for higher pressures. If greater distances were to be overcome, several pump sets were placed on top of one another so that the water was raised in stages. Both the lifting and the pressure pumps can be mounted so that their pistons are lower than the surface of the water to be lifted. However, they are usually installed above the water surface. In the double-acting Rittinger pumps, part of the pipeline serves as a piston. Thanks to this design, the pump continuously pumps out water.

Sucker rod

The sucker rod is used to transmit the movement of the prime mover to the pump pistons. The linkage consists of many different long individual parts. It is made either from wood , from wood combined with iron or from cast steel. If the sucker rods are made of wood, they either have a square or a rectangular cross-section. The material used is oak in the upper area of ​​the frame and fir wood (yellow pitch pine or red pine) in the lower area. So that the rods have more stability, several pieces of wood are either butted next to each other and connected to one another or interlocked. The pieces of wood are connected to each other at the ends. So-called rod locks are used for this, with which there were often problems, which in turn led to many modifications to the rod locks. The combination of wood and iron has not proven itself, for this reason it was only rarely used and the rods were often made of profile steel (angle rails, T-profiles, U-profiles). There were also mines where the rods were made from forged round steel. The rod is guided in the shaft through guide rams. In addition, the rod is guided through guide shoes. So that the rod cannot break through, it is equipped with tentacles with which the rod is placed on the retainer bearings provided for this purpose. In order to connect the linkage with the pump and the drive, the ends of the linkage are connected to the pistons of the machines by means of catch hooks and cross arms. As the depth increases, the weight of the rod increases. This leads to the fact that it is no longer possible to use the boom water maintenance at greater depths.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d F. Wintermeyer: The different types of power drive in mining operations. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for Mining Interests in the Upper Mining District Dortmund (Ed.), No. 15, 55th year, April 12, 1919, pp. 285–259.
  2. ↑ a b c d H. Hoffmann: Textbook of mining machines (power and work machines). 1st edition, Springer Verlag GmbH, Berlin / Heidelberg 1926, pp. 210-233
  3. ↑ a b Conrad Matschoss: The development of the steam engine. A history of the stationary steam engine and the locomobile, the ship engine and the locomotive; First volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908, pp. 29–33.
  4. ^ A b c d Association for mining interests in the Oberbergamtsiertel Dortmund (ed.): The development of the Lower Rhine-Westphalian hard coal mining in the second half of the 19th century. Volume IV, extraction work - water management, Springer Verlag Berlin, Berlin 1902, pp. 127, 131–142.
  5. ↑ Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, fourth improved edition, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1884, pp. 539–617.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f A. Hörmann: The new dewatering machines on the Dechenschächten near Saarbrücken, the civil engineering plant in Rüdersdorf and the Ferdinand mine near Kattowitz. Verlag von Ernst & Korn, Berlin 1874, pp. 2–11.
  7. ^ Memorandum for the 50th anniversary of the Graf Bismarck union in Gelsenkirchen. Printed by Carl Bertenburg, Gelsenkirchen 1918, p. 71.
  8. ↑ Karl Heinz Bader, Karl Röttger, Manfred Prante: 250 years of coal mining in the Brandenburg region. A contribution to the history of mining, the mining administration and the city of Bochum. Study publisher Dr. N. Brockmeyer, Bochum 1987, ISBN 3-88339-590-0 , p. 93.
  9. ^ Notes on the collection of drawings for the hut. Born in 1859, printed by Trowitsch und Sohn, Berlin 1860, pp. 16-19.
  10. ↑ a b Conrad Matschoss: The development of the steam engine. A history of the stationary steam engine and the locomobile, the ship engine and the locomotive; Second volume, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1908, pp. 106–111.
  11. ↑ Carl Kley: The single-acting and direct-acting Woolf's dewatering machines from the Altenberg mine near Aachen. Description, calculation and results of the same, with notes on related machine systems and a treatise on the application of expansion to machines without continuously rotating motion; Hoffmann'sche Verlags-Buchhandlung, Stuttgart 1865, pp. 1–12.
  12. ↑ a b c d e Hans Bansen (Ed.): The mining machines . Fifth Volume, The Drainage Machines. Published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1916, pp. 267–288.
  13. ↑ a b c Fritz Heise, Fritz Herbst: Textbook of mining science with special consideration of hard coal mining. Second volume, third and fourth increased and improved edition, Springer-Verlag GmbH, Berlin / Heidelberg 1923, pp. 572-584.
  14. ↑ a b c Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. Second improved edition, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887, pp. 573–631.
  15. ↑ a b c d Albert Serlo: Guide to mining science. Second volume, third revised and up to the most recent edition supplemented, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1878, pp. 437–492.
  16. ^ A b c Heinrich Lottner, Albert Serlo: Guide to mining history. Second volume, second revised edition that has been supplemented until recently, published by Julius Springer, Berlin 1873, pp. 405–411.
  17. ^ Wilhelm Leo: Textbook of mining science. Printed and published by G Basse, Quedlinburg 1861, pp. 468-484.
  18. ↑ A. von Warstemberger: About the application of electricity to hard coal mines. In: Glückauf, Berg- und Hüttenmännische magazine. Association for mining interests in the Oberbergamtsiertel Dortmund (ed.), Printed and published by GD Baedecker in Essen, January 12, 1895, pp. 56–58.

Remarks

  1. ↑ The term pump set or set always means the complete pump. (Source: Gustav Köhler: Textbook of Mining Studies. )