Heparan sulfate
| Structural formula | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||||||
| General | |||||||||||||
| Surname | Heparan sulfate | ||||||||||||
| other names |
|
||||||||||||
| Molecular formula | (C 26 H 40 N 2 O 36 S 5 ) n | ||||||||||||
| External identifiers / databases | |||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||
| properties | |||||||||||||
| Molar mass | 636.99 g mol −1 | ||||||||||||
| safety instructions | |||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||
| As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions . | |||||||||||||
Heparan sulfate belongs to the group of glycosaminoglycans , which consist of long chains of disaccharide building blocks, and to the group of heparins . The disaccharides of the heparin sulfates consist of D- glucosamine units combined with D- glucuronic acid or L- iduronic acid , whereby
- R 1 , R 3 = SO 3 H / H
- R 2 = SO 3 H / Ac
- X 1 = COOH and X 2 = H or X 1 = H and X 2 = COOH
If there is a lot of L-iduronic acid in the heparin sulfates, complex helical structures are formed. They are important building blocks of the extracellular matrix and occur in the plasma membranes of animal cells. Like all acidic proteoglycans, heparin sulphates have many negative charges ( i.e. are polyanions ) and are therefore hydrated in solution , but can also store water. They make an important contribution to the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. In addition, they often enter into non-covalent, i.e. relatively weak, connections with hyaluronic acid . In addition, heparan sulfate has an anticoagulant effect and is a component of various medications.
Differently modified heparan sulphates have different binding specificities and can contribute to the accumulation of certain growth factors in cells. By binding the growth factor FGF-1 ( fibroblast growth factor ) early in the development of the nervous system by a specific heparan sulfate, as well as later in the development FGF-2 by another modification, the differentiation of progenitor cells into nerve cells is controlled.
Elevated levels of heparan sulfate in the blood can be found, for example, in the genetic diseases of Hunter's disease (together with dermatan sulfate ) and Sanfilippo syndrome .
Web links
- Entry on heparan sulfate at Vetpharm, accessed on August 11, 2012.
- Data sheet (PDF; 456 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ There is not yet a harmonized classification for this substance . A labeling of heparitin, sulfate in the Classification and Labeling Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), retrieved on May 26, 2020, is reproduced from a self-classification by the distributor .
- ↑ H. Kleinig, U. Maier: Kleinig / Sitte - Cell Biology . 4th edition, Gustav-Fischer, 1999, ISBN 3-437-26010-3 .
- ↑ JT Gallagher, M. Lyon: Molecular structure of Heparan Sulfate and interactions with growth factors and morphogens . In: Iozzo, M, V. (Ed.): Proteoglycans: structure, biology and molecular interactions . Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, New York, 2000, pp. 27-59.
- ↑ RV Iozzo: matrix proteoglycans: from molecular design to cellular function . In: Annu. Rev. Biochem. . 67, 1998, pp. 609-652. PMID 9759499 .
- ↑ Wissenschaft-Online-Lexika: Entry on heparan sulfate in the Lexikon der Biologie .