Hohenzollern model
The Hohenzollern model was the only unaltered documented Dutch ship model from the 17th century which corresponded to technical documentation (shipyard model). Before it was completely destroyed in Berlin in World War II, Heinrich Winter was able to document it with many photos and a detailed description. It is a particularly important and well-known document for shipbuilding history and is often used as a model by model builders .
The name
The name "Hohenzollern Model" was used in the first publications. It is probably based on the origin of the ship model from the possessions of the Hohenzollern . Alternative names are "Berliner Modell" and "Holländischer Zweidecker". The first name is derived from the Berlin location, in contrast to models in Amsterdam or Rotterdam collections. The second name comes from the title of Heinrich Winter's book. However, this has the disadvantage that it describes more of a group of vehicles such as De Zeven Provinciën , Hollandia and Gouden Leeuw .
The model
The "Hohenzollern model" represented a Dutch warship with two continuous battery decks. The ship had space for 78 guns. The period is given as 1660 to 1670. The model was fully rigged with three masts and a bowsprit with a blind blind . The stern was decorated with the coat of arms of Wilhelm II (Orange) . The figurehead showed a lion representation typical of Dutch ships of that time. Two coats of arms in the wulf at the stern represented the upright lion in front of a bare shield and the crossed anchors for the Admiralty. At the top of the stern there were three lanterns for signaling and also typical ornaments. The special features of the model concern the internal details on the model and its size. With a total length of 2.67 meters and a hull width of almost 60 centimeters, it was one of the largest contemporary ship models. The inside of the model was reproduced down to the smallest detail. This makes it a unique source for shipbuilding. The rear picture with the coat of arms and the grating in the Kuhl could be removed for better viewing. The draft marks on the bow and stern post can be used to deduce the Amsterdam foot as a basic dimension. This makes the ship a 156 Amsterdam-foot long warship with around 74 to 76 guns. It was one of the largest ships in the Dutch fleet of that time and could also have been an admiral's ship.
Origin and history
Due to the coat of arms recognizable in the Wulf, the model is attributed to the Admiralty Amsterdam . This also defines the place of origin with Amsterdam. A specific model ship has not yet been convincingly assigned. The time of origin is 1660/1670, although the three construction series shortly before and during the second naval war against England can certainly be assumed. Here, comparisons with drawings by the older and the younger Willem van de Velde help for a chronological classification and comparison with existing ships in the Dutch fleet.
The first mention at all and immediately in Berlin was in Küster's directory of the objects in the Berlin Kunstkammer in the Berlin City Palace . There are no convincing accounts of the occasion and time of the transfer to Berlin. The model remained in the Berlin Kunstkammer until it was transferred to Monbijou Castle in the 1870s. This is also where the first photo of the model was taken. At the turn of the century, the model was given great historical importance in both Wilhelmine Germany and the Netherlands. The number of photographs increased and the model was even loaned to ENTOS in Amsterdam in 1913. Considerations were also given to the origin and the reason for the model production. Until the 1930s, however, no comprehensive documentation was made of the model using scientific means. Only in the course of the threat posed by the aerial warfare in World War II did Heinrich Winter begin documentation with plate photos, measurements and descriptions. In 1942 the model and other objects were brought from Monbijou Castle to the silver chamber of the Berlin City Palace . There it was irretrievably destroyed. In 1967, Winter published the documentation from his documents saved from the war at Hinstorff Verlag Rostock .
meaning
The "Hohenzollern model" was one of the few ship models from the 17th century that were not changed by destruction and / or restoration work until the Second World War . Efforts have become known, but they never received the emperor's approval. Dutch ship models of the 17th century are rare and mostly served non-technical purposes, for example they were votive ships or ornamental, office and pomp models. The second model with shipyard model quality from the 17th century in the Stadsmuseum Gent (STAM) was extensively "restored" at the beginning of the 19th century and then rebuilt again in the 20th century to the 17th century. This made the "Hohenzollern model" unique, as it was the only example from the model source category for the history of shipbuilding in the Netherlands in the 17th century. It served as a comparison to the drawings of van de Velde and other marine painters as well as the contemporary literature on shipbuilding ( Nicolaas Witsen and Cornelis van Yk ) and other written sources as an aid to interpretation. That is why the information about the model is also part of the sources for the replica of De Zeven Provinciën made at the Batavia shipyard . It also served as a model for the reconstruction of Brandenburg and Hamburg warships, such as the Wapen von Hamburg and the Friedrich Wilhelm on horseback .
Since this model is well documented in Winter's book and provided with model plans on a 1: 100 scale, it is often used as a model for prototypical model making. Other models were also made for museums. A half-size replica of the model was made for the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich as early as 1923, and there are two replicas of the model in the Rotterdam Maritime Museum .
documentation
In addition to Winter's book, which has also been translated into Dutch, there are still many original photos and individual unpublished glass plate prints in the archive of the Technikmuseum Berlin in the estate of Wolf-Dietrich Wagner. Other unpublished photos can be found in private ownership. In addition, other photos not taken by Winter were occasionally published. The manuscript and the original technical drawings from Winter are also kept in the Technology Museum.
literature
- Heinrich Winter: The Dutch two-decker from 1660/1670. Based on the contemporary model in the former Monbijou Palace in Berlin. VEB Hinstorff Verlag, Rostock 1967.
- Ph. M. Bosscher: A scheepsmodel uit het midden van de zeventiende eeuw. unpublished typescript (Archief Scheepvaartmuseum Amsterdam).
- Baron JCP Speyart: A hypothesis over de oorsprong van het Hohenzollern model. Unpublished typescript (Im Archief from Het Scheepvaartmuseum Amsterdam).
- Thomas Feige: The Dutch two-decker from 1660/1670. in ModellWerft 11 (1994), pp. 48-49.
- Cristoph Voigt: The model ships in the Hohenzollern Museum. in: Great Berlin Calendar. Illustrated Yearbook 1913, pp. 260–266
Web links
- Heinrich Winter: The Kolderstock. in Die Yacht 18 (1937) pp. 11-13. [5]
- private model page for the "Dutch two-decker from 1664".
- Walther Brandt: The beautiful ship from the baroque era. Replica of the model of the Dutch frigate in the Hohenzollern Museum. in Die Yacht 3 (1925), pp. 17-21. [6]
- In the photo collection of the Museum Huis Doorn , zoomable photos of the model are online
Individual evidence
- ↑ Plate 14 (This information refers to the plate part in winter: The Dutch two-decker )
- ↑ J. Ch. Müller, GG Küster: Old and New Berlin III. 1756, p. 18 u. 548
- ↑ ENTOS - Eerste Nederlandsche Tentoonstelling op Scheepvaartgebied
- ↑ On the homepage of the Batavia Werf, in the documentation on the rigging [1] and in Menno Leenstra: Linien voor De7Provincien. in 7 Provincia Cahier 2, p. 24ff
- ↑ two examples: [2] , [3]
- ^ Website of the Maritime Digital database with hits for the search term "Hohenzollern model": [4]