Hōjō

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Family coat of arms Mitsu uroko ( 三 つ 鱗 , German "3 sheds")

The Hōjō ( Japanese 北 条 氏 , Hōjō-shi ) were a Japanese noble family. To distinguish them from the later Hōjō , who took the name of the then extinct, important Hōjō family for reasons of prestige, they are also referred to as Kamakura-Hōjō ( 鎌倉 北 条 氏 ).

The original Hōjō family was a branch of the Taira clan who dominated the imperial court at the end of the Heian period and steered Japanese politics from the background. With the end of the Gempei War in 1185, this political influence ended, but less than 20 years later, the Hōjō family also managed to decisively influence Japanese politics. Their rise began in 1203 when Hōjō Tokimasa, Tokusō (得 宗) of the Hōjō clan and at the same time father-in-law of the first Shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo , took over the office of Shikken . He expanded the power of this office, so that the Shogun similar to the emperor at that time was more of a symbol of Kamakura-bakufu , while the Shikken was ruler of the country in his place. In order to secure the influence of the regent, the position of Shogun was mostly occupied by young and easily influenced descendants of the Minamoto or the imperial family. The office of Shikken and with it the power of government remained firmly in the hands of the Hōjō for over 100 years. In addition, other family members also held other high positions in the shogunate, such as the military governor ( shugo ) or the governor ( jitō ).

One of the political achievements of the Hōjō is the Jōei codex , also called Jōei shikimoku or Goseibai shikimoku. Since a newer administrative and legal system soon developed under their rule, the Taihō Code from the 8th century was no longer appropriate and the more modern Jōei Code was adopted in 1232. In 1333 Tennō Go-Daigo overthrew the Kamakura-bakufu with the help of the Ashikaga and ended the rule of the Hōjō.

coat of arms

The coat of arms represents three scales of a dragon. Hōjō Tokimasa prayed to a dragon on Enoshima for prosperity for himself and his descendants. The dragon promised to fulfill this and left three scales behind.

Regents (shikken)

  1. Hōjō Tokimasa (1138-1215) (in office 1203-1205)
  2. Hōjō Yoshitoki (1163-1224) (in office 1205-1224)
  3. Hōjō Yasutoki (1183-1242) (in office 1224-1242)
  4. Hōjō Tsunetoki (1224-1246) (in office 1242-1246)
  5. Hōjō Tokiyori (1227–1263) (in office 1246–1256)
  6. Hōjō Nagatoki (1229-1264) (in office 1256-1264)
  7. Hōjō Masamura (1205–1273) (in office 1264–1268)
  8. Hōjō Tokimune (1251–1284) (in office 1268–1284)
  9. Hōjō Sadatoki (1271-1311) (in office 1284-1301)
  10. Hōjō Morotoki (1275-1311) (in office 1301-1311)
  11. Hōjō Munenobu (1259–1312) (in office 1311–1312)
  12. Hōjō Hirotoki (1279-1315) (in office 1312-1315)
  13. Hōjō Mototoki (? –1333) (in office 1315)
  14. Hōjō Takatoki (1303-1333) (in office 1316-1326)
  15. Hōjō Sadaaki (1278-1333) (in office 1326)
  16. Hōjō Moritoki (? –1333) (in office 1327–1333)

Rensho

The Hōjō also provided the Rensho , the Shikken's assistants:

  1. Hōjō Tokifusa (in office 1225-1240)
  2. Hōjō Shigetoki (in office 1247–1256)
  3. Hōjō Masamura (in office 1256-1264)
  4. Hōjō Tokimune (in office 1264-1268)
  5. Hōjō Masamura (in office 1268–1273)
  6. Hōjō Yoshimasa (in office 1273-1277)
  7. Hōjō Shigetoki (in office 1283–1287)
  8. Hōjō Nobutoki (in office 1287–1301)
  9. Hōjō Tokimura (in office 1301–1305)
  10. Hōjō Munenobu (in office 1305-1311)
  11. Hōjō Hirotoki (in office 1311-1312)
  12. Hōjō Sadaaki (in office 1315-1326)
  13. Hōjō Koresada (in office 1326-1327)
  14. Hōjō Shigetoki (in office 1330-1333)

Other important Hōjō

In addition to the regents, the following Hōjō played an important role:

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Enoshima Jinja Shrine ( Memento from August 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive )

literature

  • Malcolm Kennedy: A history of Japan . Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1963
  • John Whitney Hall: The Japanese Empire . Fischer library, Frankfurt am Main 1968
  • Jeffrey Mass: The Kamakura Bakufu . Stanford University Press, Stanford 1976