Hornwort day ulchen

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Hornwort day ulchen
Hornwort Tagulchen (Panemeria tenebrata)

Hornwort Tagulchen ( Panemeria tenebrata )

Systematics
Order : Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Superfamily : Noctuoidea
Family : Owl butterfly (Noctuidae)
Subfamily : Metoponiinae
Genre : Panemeria
Type : Hornwort day ulchen
Scientific name
Panemeria tenebrata
( Scopoli , 1763)

The hornwort day owl, also hornwort sun owl ( Panemeria tenebrata ) is a diurnal butterfly ( moth ) from the family of the owl butterfly (Noctuidae). In the literature, Panemeria tenebrata can also be found under other German names, but they are just as uncommon as "hornwort day ulches": hornwort owl, hornwort-colored owl, hornwort-day colored ulches, hornwort-day colored ulches, dark brown sun owls, arbutus owls, phalanx owls, Strawberry Tree Owl, Yarrow Owl and Copper Brown Matt-Striped Owl.

features

This species is a small but active butterfly with a wingspan of 19 to 22 millimeters. The forewings are dark brown with gray areas and show a clear sheen in sunlight. The two to three jagged transverse lines are usually indistinct. The hind wings are blackish with a broad yellow central band.

Similar species

In Southeastern Europe ( Romania , Bulgaria , Greece ) there is a very similar sister species, Panemeria tenebromorpha , which can usually only be distinguished from Panemeria tenebrata by specialists and whose biology is still little known due to its late discovery in 1996.

Geographical distribution and habitat

The hornwort day ulchen is widespread in Europe, but is absent in northern Scandinavia , Portugal, central and southern Spain and most of the Mediterranean islands except Sicily . In Eastern Europe it reaches the Urals , but the distribution limits to the east are still insufficiently known. It has not yet been proven with certainty in Asia Minor, but occurs in Jordan and Israel.

The species is relatively common on unfertilized, lean, dry to fresh pastures (especially oat grass meadows, chalk grasslands), fen meadows , moor grass meadows, cultivated forest edges, in forest meadows, railway embankments, on wasteland and sometimes extensively, unfertilized and uncut during tracked time gardens . Impairments and low-growth areas such as embankments, slope cuts, roadsides, trails or small ruderal areas are favorable for the species. The decisive factor is the abundance of hornwort and star chickweed species. Fertilization and agricultural intensification have meant that Panemeria tenebrata is rapidly becoming rarer in many regions. It occurs from the lowlands to the montane level.

Way of life

The species flies in one generation from mid-April to mid-June. The moths are only active during the day, as their name suggests (πανημέρειος = all day long). They fly in the sunshine and visit flowers; Mating and oviposition also take place during the day. Information about light approach is based on confusion with Pyrausta species or go back to individual observations of butterflies that were awakened by lamps set up in the habitat. The caterpillars live from May to July. They are squat and yellowish green. The back line is dark green, the side back line whitish with darker border lines. The main food plants of the caterpillars are hornwort ( Cerastium ) and chickweed ( Stellaria ), and here mainly the flowers and seeds. Pupation takes place in a cocoon on the ground. The pupa is relatively short and dark brown. Your cremaster is rounded with two small bristles. The pupa hibernates. The moths sometimes only hatch in the year after next.

Danger

The species is classified as endangered in some German federal states or is on the warning list. In the course of the intensification of grassland use (artificial fertilizer, manure fertilization, rapid cutting sequences, mowing during the caterpillar season), the occurrences in Central Europe have declined over the last few decades.

swell

literature

  • Arno Bergmann: The large butterflies of Central Germany. Volume 4/2: Owls. Distribution, forms and communities. Urania-Verlag, Jena 1954, DNB 450378381 .
  • Günter Ebert (Ed.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg Volume 6, Nachtfalter IV. Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 1997 (Eulen (Noctuidae) 2nd part), ISBN 3-800-13482-9
  • Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 4: Owls. (Noctuidae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1971, ISBN 3-440-03752-5 .
  • Manfred Koch : We determine butterflies. Volume 3: Owls. 2nd, expanded edition. Neumann, Leipzig / Radebeul 1972, DNB 760072930 .

Web links

Commons : Hornwort Tagulchen  - Collection of images, videos and audio files