Adhortative
The adhortative , derived from the Latin adhortativus = admonishing , is the encouraging, admonishing form of a verb . It is aimed at several people, including the speaker, so it is used in the first person plural .
While Hungarian and the Slavic languages, for example, have their own verb forms for the adhortative, German expresses such a request either circumscribing or using the subjunctive .
German language
In German grammar, the adhortative is now recognized in the standard language and is used there as an imperative . However, it is not formed by the flexed imperative, but by means of conditional, still recognizable to be :
- " Let's be honest" instead of the indicative "We are honest."
For other verbs the subjunctive I is no longer recognizable in the adhortative, as the inflection of the indicative and the subjunctive I coincide in the 1st person plural . Therefore, at first glance, the adhortative is easy to confuse with a question or a statement:
- "I'm hungry, let's go to eat!" (Adhortative)
- "If we are hungry, let's go to eat." (Statement)
- "I'm hungry, are we going to eat?" (Question)
The verb-first position and the stress (or the missing question mark) clearly mark the adhortative. Since the position of the verb in the sentence is significant, the adhortative is formed by an isolating language structure.
Alternatively, the adhortative can be expressed in the German language using Lassen in both inflected imperative forms and the pronoun uns :
- " Let's go to dinner!" (Address to another person, 2nd person singular )
- " Let's go to dinner!" (Address to several people, 2nd person plural )
Although this form is mentioned in the literature, it is not regarded there as an independent form, but only as a description.
Colloquial language
In colloquial language , the adhortative particle lassma has recently emerged from let's :
- "Call Lassma!"
This particle can be used against one or more people.
dialect
In Bavarian dialects, the adhortative exists as a separate verb form with the ending -ma , which arose from the unstressed form of the clitic pronoun mir (for standard German we ). Examples:
- “Gemma!” - Let's go!
- “Samma zfrien!” - Let us be satisfied!
- “Dringma zsamm!” - Let's drink up!
However, these verb forms are not exclusive adhortative forms because they can also be used as indicative of the 1st person plural:
- "I feel free." - We are satisfied.
English language
In English, the adhortative is marked in a similar way to German, namely by lets , which was contracted from let us "lass (t) uns". However, the use of lets in English - unlike in German - is mandatory, while German can also express an adhortative through the intonation of the sentence . Compare:
- "Let's go have lunch!" - "Let's go eat!" (Synonymous with "Let's go eat!")
French language
In the French language, the adhortative for almost all verbs coincides with the 1st person plural of the present indicative . As in German grammar, the French adhortative is also used as an imperative (impératif) . Examples of both forms are:
| verb | indicative | Adhortative |
|---|---|---|
| manger | Nous mange ons . | Mange ons ! |
| (eat) | (We eat.) | (Let's eat!) |
| regarder | Nous regard ons . | Regard ons ! |
| (watch) | (We look.) | (We look!) |
Exceptions are sein und haben ( être and avoir ), whose present indicative and adhortative are clearly different:
| verb | indicative | Adhortative |
|---|---|---|
| être | Nous sommes généreux. | Soyons généreux! |
| (be) | (We are generous.) | (Let's be generous!) |
| avoir | Nous avons peur. | Ayons peur! |
| (to have) | (We are scared.) | (Let's be scared!) |
It is typical for all verbs, however, that the indicative and adhortative differ in the initial position and the missing subject (in the examples: nous ).
Latin language
In Latin , the adhortative is expressed using the present subjunctive. Examples:
- Cantemus! "Let us sing!"
- Eamus! "Let's go!"
- Faciamus! "Let's do it!"
The gerund can also express an adhortative.
Hungarian language
Hungarian verbs with the suffix -j- a special form form that both the function of the German Adhortativs and the imperative (for the second person) and the optative takes over (for the 3rd person) (as well as a conditional use is ). Your translation therefore depends on the respective grammatical person . Here, too, however, one must pay attention to whether there is an accusative object in the sentence or in the closer dialog environment. As an example, the verb vár- 'wait':
| number | person | Hungarian | translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | 1 | vár j am / várjak | "May I wait" |
| 2 | vár j ad / várj | "wait!" | |
| 3 | vár j a *) / várjon | "May he / she wait" | |
| Plural | 1 | vár j uk / várjunk | "Let's wait!" |
| 2 | vár j átok / várjatok | "Wait!" | |
| 3 | vár j ák / várjanak | "May you wait" |
*) The 3rd person singular is also used to formulate the polite request to a person: "Wait!"
Slavic languages
In the Slavic languages, the adhortative fits into the paradigm of the imperative form . Take the Czech verb dělat “to make” as an example ; The imperative marker is -ej- :
| number | person | Czech | translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | 1 | --- | --- |
| 2 | děl ej ! | "Do!" | |
| 3 | --- | --- | |
| Plural | 1 | děl ej me! | "Let's do it!" |
| 2 | děl ej te! | "power!" | |
| 3 | --- | --- |
As you can clearly see, the Slavic imperative forms - unlike the Hungarian - are not part of a subjunctive paradigm; therefore there are no such forms for the 1st person singular and the 3rd grammatical person.
Romanian language
In the Romanian language there is a particle hai , which can be used to prompt several people, including the speaker. Variants of these particles are haide and haidem . This particle is followed by the subjunctive marker să and then the verb:
hai/haide/haidem să așteptăm! „lasst uns warten!“
The particle hai (de) comes from the Turkish hadi and has also been used to mark the adhortative in other Balkan languages , for example in Serbo-Croatian :
hajdemo! „lasst uns los(gehen)!“
Turkish language
In the Turkish language , the adhortative is formed after the agglutination typical for this language with a suffix {AlIm}, which appears in the variants -elim (after the light verb stem) and - alım (after the dark verb stem) according to the laws of vowel harmony :
gid- „gehen“ → gidelim! „lasst uns gehen!“
buluş- „sich treffen“ → buluşalım! „treffen wir uns!“
This adhortative is assigned to the paradigm of the voluntary in Turkish grammar .
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Wermke, Matthias (ed.), Drosdowski, Günther (ed.): Duden - The grammar. Dudenverlag, Mannheim 2006, ISBN 3-411-04047-5 , p. 586.
- ↑ Wermke, Matthias (ed.), Drosdowski, Günther (ed.): Duden - The grammar. Dudenverlag, Mannheim 2006, ISBN 3-411-04047-5 , p. 585, section 787.
- ↑ Wermke, Matthias (ed.), Drosdowski, Günther (ed.): Duden - The grammar. Dudenverlag, Mannheim 2006, ISBN 3-411-04047-5 , p. 585, section 789.
- ↑ Ines Urban: "Lassma" world championship make - a grammatical investigation into Kiezdeutsch ( Memento of November 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), Master's thesis (2007), p. 61 (PDF; 524 kB).