Jussiv

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The jussive ( Latin for 'command, order, instruct' ) is a mode of the verb . In contrast to the optative , which expresses a wish, it stands for an order that is to be carried out by a person or group of people who are not present.

German

In German is Jussive with the conditional displayed. A distinction must be made between standing expressions, which today can no longer be used arbitrarily or would not be used, and still active occurrences in the contemporary language.

Traditional phrases, ancient examples

These occurrences of the jussive are traditional or established as a standing phrase and cannot simply be modified in any arbitrary context.

  • It return each from his own front door.
Unusual: it return the janitor at my front door.
  • "God preserve Franz the Kaiser", "Glad he experiences German lands", "And hear (e) (he) still on the edge"
Unusual: the gardener receives the rose bush.
  • A bear one another's burdens, and so fulfill the law of Christ. ( Galatians 6.2  LUT )
Unusual: someone carries my purchase upstairs.
  • You hear and marvel

Modern occurrences

Unlike the standing expressions, these occurrences can be combined in new ways and thus used flexibly.

  • in recipes: you take
  • " Pay attention to the heating, the roof and the basement", as well as "Just introduce yourself", "Just look at the financial crisis", " Try driving your car into town on Saturday"
  • "If you want to rule, contact me" , as well as "If you still need cards, contact me"

Similar form: Er-salutation

Formally congruent with the jussive is the direct form of addressing a person using the 3rd person singular, which has now become uncommon:

  • " Shout 'He His people together," said the Count, "and add' He them before me, so I can see what's in them."
  • " Do n't get too close to my girl, she wants to get offended"
  • “Schlippe”, I said (…), “(…); He help me through, maybe I can help through again. "

However, since this form is functionally - like the you , which is used today - an address to the 2nd person singular and is still understood that way today, the jussive cannot be used in this way, see:

  • "If he wants to enslave (sic), reporting he" is understood as an unusual substitute for "If you want to enslave, you can sign up."

Paraphrases

Paragraphs with the modal verb shall + infinitive also have a jussive function:

" Everyone should sweep their own front door ."

Latin

In Latin, the function of a jussive is regularly taken over by the present subjunctive and is used as a softened command

Adiuvet , " Let him help". Veniant , "You should come".

Other languages

Some languages ​​have developed their own forms for this mode, such as Persian and Arabic ( Apocopate ).

The Hebrew language of the Old Testament also has a jussive: יְהִי אוֹר jehi or [ jəhi: ɔr ], German 'Let there be light'

Genesis 1.3  EU

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Duden editors: Duden, The foreign dictionary [electronic resource] . indispensable for understanding and using foreign words. Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-411-10908-1 .
  2. ↑ Various stanzas of the Austrian Imperial Hymns
  3. ↑ Susanne Osadnik: Expert tip: Pay attention to the heating, roof and cellar. In: welt.de . June 19, 2013, accessed October 7, 2018 .
  4. ↑ http://www.swp.de/schwaebisch_hall/lokales/schwaebisch_hall/art1188139,2093168 , accessed April 8, 2014
  5. ^ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe : Wilhelm Meisters apprenticeship years . In: Goethe's works. Volume 7. Munich 1982, p. 149.
  6. ↑ Goethe: From my life. In: Goethe's works. Volume 9. Munich 1982, p. 439.
  7. ↑ Johann Gottfried Seume : My life. DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH, Berlin 2000, p. 132.
  8. ↑ Leo Spitzer : About the future tense cantare habeno. In: Essays on Romance syntax and style . Niemeyer, Tübingen 1967, pp. 173-180.
  9. ^ Karl Elliger, Wilhelm Rudolph (ed.): Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia . Württemberg Bible Institute, Stuttgart 1968ff.