Information medium

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Information media are responsible for the dissemination and transfer of knowledge and information. The most important information media include language, radio and film / television, the Internet, as well as newspapers (digital or printed) and web videos. It is therefore a special system or form of communication, information and entertainment.

language

How information is obtained

Information is measurable and the result of a binary yes - no decision. It is important to filter the information portion out of thousands of impressions. The information part of a conversation can be the core or minor matter. Much depends on the relationship between the interlocutors. The need to express oneself can also be in the foreground.

W. Prost uses a chair to show how the relevant information can be derived with a little practice and prior knowledge. Due to the amount of possible information, however, these are initially worthless unprocessed. Information can only gain meaning for someone through selection, evaluation, weighting and arrangement. All information is obtained on the basis of interests and is therefore subjective . This explains why different people have different opinions on the same problem. Information itself only ever becomes meaningful in relation to a recipient.

Subconsciously, in addition to the factual information, personal information is also communicated in language about the speaker: through the tone of his voice, through the speed of speech, volume, timbre, temperament, melody. He expresses himself in his choice of words and in the style of his language: his origin, his gender, his age, his feelings, his interests, his intentions.

How information is manipulated

There are not always bad intentions behind it, because the interest of the person passing on the information allows a situation to appear in a specific light. Subconsciously, his decision-making criteria mean that his information is limited and one-sided.

Any information can be seen as the answer to a question. The type of question produces the type of information. Information is irrelevant without the connection with a question, because a flood of information leads to disorientation and confusion . Information should be communicated in doses and be appropriate to the question.

Explaining your own interests to yourself and others is desirable in order to relativize knowledge and information and to place them in an overall context. Those who are clear about their own interests will also be able to understand and accept the justification of other positions based on other interests more easily.

Types of manipulation of information

  • One-sided information (consciously or unconsciously)
  • Overinformation (talked "dead")
  • Appreciation or depreciation of certain information (headline versus side note)
  • Withholding of information (otherwise undesirable action will occur)
  • Coloring (incoming evaluation)

How to get information from other people

  • Targeted questions about place, time, person, event, cause, sequence, purpose, reason.
  • Patient, attentive listening conveys appreciation and motivates further information.
  • “Indiscreet” questions (only partially applicable).
  • Friendly opening of the conversation with points that the other person likes to talk about.
  • Only ask one question at a time, short and precise.
  • Strive to have a good relationship with the people whose information you depend on.
  • Avoid riding around on unpleasant topics. Instead, come back to it later, rephrased.
  • Check your own behavior in conversation. Does the other have the opportunity to express themselves?
  • If someone refuses to give information: ask "why" and what can be done to resolve the situation.
  • Try to structure the amount of information. Ask interlocutors which ones he considers particularly important.

How to apply information to other people

  • Avoid instructive, condescending tones. When communicating information, speak in a friendly, factual tone and avoid giving too much information at once.
  • Ask confirmation questions and correct them if necessary.
  • Asking the interlocutor himself for the information he wants to have.
  • What he asks sticks better than what you offer him. Try to arouse curiosity about the topic. If you end your presentation with an open problem, your audience will continue to deal with the topic. "Expertise is only as good as the ability of a speaker to put it into words".

newspaper

The newspaper is one of the oldest mass media and is characterized as an information medium by its instrumental feature for conveying certain facts. Since the end of the 17th century, the newspaper has been recognized as an independent information medium due to its universality and quality in news presentation. Newspapers are used particularly in local and regional areas and have a major influence on which current topics reach the public. Subject areas of the newspaper are particularly economy, local and global politics, current affairs and sports.

As a press organ, the newspaper has the most important function of conveying information for the continued existence of society and of creating a collective space in which subjective knowledge is expanded. The newspaper provides information on socio-cultural, political and economic issues through reports, images and diagrams. Due to the variety of information, it is very different from the individual which information is received and processed by the recipient. This consequently depends on various factors, such as, for example, different individual interests, frequency of reading newspapers, feelings, current receptivity while reading.

The secondary experience of the subject is controlled by editors who sort messages received from correspondence according to importance and write reports from them. Since the middle of the century, editors have increasingly focused on presenting the contexts and necessary information for the further understanding of certain reports so that the reader does not require too much background information and prior understanding for complex political, economic and geographical connections.

The way the newspaper deals with information on the one hand and opinion on the other must always be viewed in a social and political context. To what extent the medium is purely informative or opinion-enhancing between the different types of text remains a key question that has been answered differently to this day.

Features of the newspaper as an information medium

The newspaper as a print medium, unlike other communication and information media, such as radio , is based on a "secured credibility". This is subject to the characteristic that the information is in printed form and is thus consistent. Due to this characteristic of the “guaranteed truthfulness”, printed information has a different effect on the recipient than other information conveying. In addition, the printed reports are up-to-date , regular and public access.

The printed medium is characterized by current and at the same time continuous reporting, whereby the topics are considered universal. This means that there are no limits to the theming. Like most other information media, the newspaper is also characterized by constant change. Every first newspaper article conveys new knowledge, which means that the recipient is required to be open to this change in knowledge.

Information media convey knowledge for a specific purpose, as does the newspaper. Purpose-related can be understood in this context as the expansion of knowledge, the application of knowledge or the creation of a collective consciousness.

Reasons for Continuous Use of Newspapers

With the crash of the New Economy and the associated web-based orientation of services, the market for the printed newspaper decreased drastically. Nevertheless, the newspaper remained as a qualitative transmission of information. Two important reasons for this:

Content reasons

In contrast to television, newspapers are more subject to the public's need for information in local and regional areas. Since people in their community are dependent on mutual information transfer, they usually turn to the printed or digital newspaper for certain topics.

Certain advertisements, such as official announcements, job offers or accidents, are best conveyed through the newspaper industry. Even if the contents of the newspaper are accused of being partisan and often indoctrinative, the reader is free to decide whether to read the newspaper or individual passages.

Functional reasons

The newspaper in printed form offers the reader a certain autonomy through which he is free to face the recording. The reader has the opportunity to read the newspaper again and again in different places, at any time. The fixed information can be accessed for years, which is often not the case with digital media. The reader is free to decide on the type of newspaper and, through virtuality, to deal with the published imprints according to their interests and to form their own opinion.

radio

The medium of radio creates an intimate connection from person to person, which no other medium can use in such a targeted manner. The power of radio lies in the fact that each person perceives the presentations through this medium differently through their individual perception.

For most people, regional news and musical variety are reasons they use a station, according to a qualitative research study. Information about the weather, easy access to the medium and competent reporting are important.

The special thing about radio before the "digital age" was the invisibility of the medium, which made it easy to distinguish it from other media. Radio is defined as a medium of one-way communication, since the transported information is received by spatially separated people. The carrier of the information cannot hear any replies from the recipient.

Technology plays an important role in the development of the radio medium. Radio programs are accessible not only from terrestrial networks, but also from a variety of satellite, cable, and wireless telecommunications networks, which include the Internet. Today, recipients of the information medium are not only classic radio listeners, but also consumers of various multimedia computer devices. Thanks to new technologies, even the radio, which was once an invisible medium, can transport images like the television medium.

watch TV

The television shapes our view of the world. Information on the topics of politics, culture, sports and also the life of famous personalities and other things can be transmitted here and thus connect many people through the equality of opinions. The view of these issues is often influenced by television, as was the case with the radio and newspaper media in previous generations. The television is a mass medium through which an information carrier transmits its information to an unlimited number of viewers. When people answer, the information carrier does not understand them and the audience cannot understand or see one another either. Through this medium you can observe society itself as never before, as well as the communication between people. A special feature of television is the combination of the media radio, film and press - whereby it is described as a hybrid medium.

The final use of the television also had disadvantages, as the cinema suddenly "died out" and some print media were also discontinued around 1960. There was then an adaptation and cooperation of the media. The radio, which was previously the switch-on medium, has become an accompanying medium. The daily newspapers focused on background and local information, while film and television started a cooperation. Some media had to subordinate themselves to television and were thus forced to redefine and reorient themselves. Although television is still a leading medium today, the competition from television on the Internet is increasing.

With classic television, people are time-bound to the program. If a person wants to look at a certain offer, attention must be paid to the timing of it. Today the media world already offers a diverse selection of offers and thus freedom of design. For many television broadcasters, advertising is the main source of income, but this is one of the reasons why many people prefer watching TV on the Internet over traditional TV in this day and age, as the advertising can be skipped. (cf. Ralf Kaumanns, Veit Siegenheim, Insa Sjurts (2008), p. 6f) The quality differences between digital television and web videos or IPTV will, however, persist despite the ongoing development of technology.

Internet

With the Internet , which stands for “networking between computers or between computer networks”, a new form of information dissemination emerged. In addition to classic information media such as newspapers, books, radio and television, the internet made it possible to make all of these available in digital form on the internet and to make them accessible to users at any time. Print media are supplemented with “images, sound and video”. "The unlimited availability, the updatability and the variety of information open up additional dimensions compared to traditional information media".

The daily use of smartphones also makes it easier for users to quickly disseminate information and consume them if they have access to the Internet. No further device is required for this.

The Internet has another function in relation to information. This is that users are not only consumers, but they are also able to produce their own content and publish it on the Internet thanks to the new technologies. This is also known as user-generated content .

Also social media contribute to a rapid information exchange by being used not only by individuals but also by various newspaper publishers, radio stations, etc. for the distribution of their content. Public access to the Internet and thus the possibility for users to upload their own content and disseminate information impairs the differentiation of high quality from dubious.

Web video

In addition to traditional, analogue forms of information preservation, such as magazines or radio and television, web videos have gained great importance as digital information media since the establishment of broadband internet in 2003 . Web videos and online videos as conveyors of information have become an indispensable part of life. In addition to the video platform YouTube, which is the most widespread worldwide, Facebook and Instagram also play a major role in the distribution of video content. Apart from pure entertainment formats, web videos can be divided into two main categories:

  • Messages processing videos
  • Videos with teaching content

In the news area , many television broadcasters use web videos to reach an even wider audience or to generate additional traffic with short, pointed formats apart from the established broadcast formats. But apart from that, TV and news channels also offer online media libraries in which current news can be called up and past news is archived in order to create digital libraries.

In addition to the value for spreading news, there are completely new opportunities in the field of education to learn new things or to share your own knowledge with other people. Due to the audiovisual processing of teaching content, complex topics or questions can not only be easily understood, but also accessed as often and at any location. Because of these advantages, there are more and more established educational institutions that offer degree programs partially or entirely online to give students more opportunities to learn knowledge on the one hand, from an economic and ecological point of view, and teaching more efficiently with learning platforms such as B. Designing Moodle .

Digital learning platforms such as Skillshare , Khan Academy or Udemy , which mainly work with knowledge transfer via web videos, are also establishing themselves outside of universities .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ information medium . In: Duden. Accessed January 21, 2020 .
  2. ↑ information medium . Accessed January 21, 2020 .
  3. ↑ Prost, Winfried: Manipulation and the art of persuasion: how you can win over others and protect yourself from outside control . Gabler, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8349-1108-7 , pp. 132-134 .
  4. ↑ Prost, Winfried: Manipulation and the art of persuasion: how you can win over others and protect yourself from outside control . Gabler, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8349-1108-7 , pp. 135 .
  5. ↑ Prost, Winfried: Manipulation and the art of persuasion: how you can win over others and protect yourself from outside control . Gabler, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8349-1108-7 , pp. 137-138 .
  6. ↑ Prost, Winfried: Manipulation and the art of persuasion: how you can win over others and protect yourself from outside control . Gabler, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8349-1108-7 , pp. 139 .
  7. ↑ Prost, Winfried: Manipulation and the art of persuasion: how you can win over others and protect yourself from outside control . Gabler, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8349-1108-7 , pp. 143 .
  8. ^ Holger Böning: Newspapers and language development - observations on the first one and a half centuries of German newspapers . In: The newspaper as a medium in modern language history . De Gruyter, Berlin, Boston 2017, ISBN 978-3-11-051713-2 , pp. 12 .
  9. ^ Holger Böning: Newspapers and language development - observations on the first one and a half centuries of German newspapers . In: The newspaper as a medium in modern language history . De Gruyter, Berlin, Boston 2017, ISBN 978-3-11-051713-2 , pp. 3 .
  10. ↑ Thomas Schröder: Information and Opinion. Types of press releases before the separation norm . In: The newspaper as a medium in modern language history . De Gruyter, Berlin, Boston 2017, ISBN 978-3-11-051713-2 , pp. 166 f .
  11. ↑ a b c d Caspar Meyer, Arnold Fröhlich, Paul Hasler: Media education using the example of "newspaper" . 1973, p. 932 , doi : 10.5169 / SEALS-533453 ( e-periodica.ch ).
  12. ↑ Bundesverband Deutscher Zeitungsverleger eV: What is a newspaper. In: The newspapers. Retrieved January 22, 2020 .
  13. ^ Lou Orfanella: Radio: The Intimate Medium . In: The English Journal . tape 87 , no. 1 , January 1998, ISSN  0013-8274 , pp. 53 ff ., doi : 10.2307 / 822022 .
  14. ↑ Great Britain. Office of Communications .: Radio - preparing for the future: phase 2: implementing the framework. Ofcom, 2005, OCLC 62273396 .
  15. ^ Gazi, Angeliki .: Radio Content in the Digital Age: the Evolution of a Sound Medium. Intellect, Limited, 2012, ISBN 978-1-84150-423-0 , pp. 13 .
  16. ^ Gazi, Angeliki .: Radio Content in the Digital Age: the Evolution of a Sound Medium. Intellect, Limited, 2012, ISBN 978-1-84150-423-0 , pp. 10 .
  17. ↑ a b Leading medium television? In: Federal Agency for Political Education. Accessed January 21, 2020 .
  18. ^ Norbert Walter, Stefan Heng: Media industry in fundamental upheaval . In: Obsolete model television? Gabler, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-8349-1215-2 , pp. 44 .
  19. ↑ Michael Möller: Online communication behavior of multipliers. Personality-specific analysis and increase of the innovation input via user-generated . Gabler Verlag, Wiesbaden 2011, p. 10 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-8349-6247-8 .
  20. ^ Wolfgang Coy: Internet and public opinion . In: Rußmann U., Beinsteiner A., ​​Ortner H., Hug T. (Ed.): Boundless Revelations? Medes between opening and closing . Innsbruck University Press, Innsbruck 2012, p. 50 .
  21. ↑ C. Kunz, H. Link: Oncological information portals on the Internet . In: The oncologist . tape 18 , no. 5 , April 22, 2012, ISSN  0947-8965 , p. 398 , doi : 10.1007 / s00761-012-2239-5 .
  22. ^ Jan-Hinrik Schmidt: Social Media . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2018, doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-658-19455-0 .
  23. ↑ Alexander Stocker, Klaus Daughtermann: Knowledge transfer with wikis and weblogs . Gabler Verlag, Wiesbaden 2012, p. 5 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-8349-7130-2 .
  24. ↑ IN FOCUS: Information quality on the Internet. (PDF) ecmc European Center for Media Competence GmbH, accessed on January 27, 2020 .
  25. ↑ Media libraries in the German-speaking area: https://www.ardmediathek.de/ard/ and https://tvthek.orf.at/
  26. ↑ List of sites that offer online lessons: https://alternative.me/skillshare