Izumo Fudoki

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Izumo Province, now in Shimane Prefecture

Izumo Fudoki ( Japanese 出 雲 国 風土 記 , Kyūjitai : 出 雲 國 風土 記 , Izumo no Kuni Fudoki, for example: " Description of the landscape of Izumo") is a chronicle with information on geography, fauna, flora and agricultural production, as well as customs, history and mythology the province of Izumo . In addition to the size and distance of localities from one another, it also deals with questions of mineral resources and agricultural use. It is the only one of the so-called "old Fudoki " ( kofudoki ) that has been almost completely preserved . It was commissioned by Tennō Gemmei in 713 and, according to a report to the Shōmu Tennō, completed in February 733. Deviating from Kojiki and Nihonshoki , Izumo Fudoki contains the myth "Kunibiki shinwa" ( 国 引 き 神話 "The legend of moving the country"). The myth describes the origin of the province of Izumo through the Kami (a) Yatsukamizu Omizunu ( 八 束 水 臣 津 野 ). The Izumo Fudoki also names other kami that are associated with individual districts and village communities and that gave them their names.

Manuscripts

The text of the Izumo Fudoki is consistently written in Kanbun . A manuscript handed down from the Nara period , the time when the Izumo Fudoki was created, is no longer available. Around 70 copies of the Izumo Fudoki have survived to this day. The oldest copy is currently the Hosokawa manuscript by Hosokawa Fujitaka from 1597. The Kurano manuscript, which was in the possession of Kenji Kurano (1902-1991), also dates from this period .

Since the premodern period (at the beginning of the Edo period ), a large number of copies of the Owari lineage of the Tokugawa family and copies of the commentary Man'yōi ( 万 葉 緯 ) of the Kamigamo Shrine ( 賀 茂 別 雷神 社) spread , Kamo-wakeikazuchi ) in Kyoto. The Hinomisaki manuscript from this environment, which was donated to the Hinomisaki shrine of Tokugawa Yoshinao and kept there, has been declared a material cultural asset of the prefecture by the Shimane prefecture.

The Izumo Fudoki has been the subject of scientific treatises and commentaries, particularly since the Edo period, continuously and repeatedly. In addition to the commentary by Sakyuji Kishizaki from 1683 ( see web links ), the works of Senge Toshikine (1764-1831) Teisei Izumo Fudoki ( 訂正 出 雲 風土 記 , for example: "corrected (edition) of the Izumo Fudoki", 1806), the Izumo Fudoki Kōshō ( 出 雲 国 風土 記 考証 , for example: "Sources of Izumo Fudoki", 1931) by Gotō Kurashirō (1865–1945) and the Izumo Fudoki Sankyū ( 出 雲 国 風土 記 参 究 , 1962) by Katō Yoshinari (1905–1983) are mentioned .

content

Geographic information

The order to compile the Fudoki was passed on by the Ministry of State, the Dajō-kan ( 太 政 官 ), as an order to collect the information and return it to the local officials ( Kokushi ). According to notes in the Izumo Fudoki Miyake no Omi Kanatari ( 神 宅 臣 金 太 理 ) (b) and Izumo no Omi Hiroshima ( 出 雲 臣 廣 嶋 ), the publication of the entire work was incumbent on .

General data about the province are given at the beginning of the Izumo Fudoki. The size is given from east to west as 45.6 miles from north to south as 61 miles. The province includes nine districts ( 郡 , kōri ), 62 Sato ( 里 , "village community") with 181 Kosato ( 小 里 , "districts of the village communities"), four Amaribe ( 餘 戸 ), six Umaya ( 驛 家 , "post stations") and seven kambe ( 神 戸 , "shrine household"). In addition, the number of shrines is put at a total of 399, of which 184 are registered and 215 are not registered with the Jingikan ( 神祇 官 , "Office for Kami Worship"). Using the numbers given, Schwind calculates a population of 85,000 for the province of Izumo using the size of a fist. (c)

Data on the nine districts

The transcription of the names follows the translation by Michiko Yamaguchi Aoki. The traffic routes, plants and animals are named for all of the following districts, but are not listed here in detail. Products, festivities and legends are not consistently indicated for all districts in Izumo Fudoki. Each section for a district ends with the names of the officials responsible for the data. At the end of the Izumo Fudoki there is an overview with military data, such as the troop sizes and defensive systems of the districts.

  1. Ou no kōri ( 意 宇 郡 ) includes eleven Sato, 33 Kosato, three post stations and three shrine households
    • Village communities: Mori ( 母 理 郷 ), Yashiro ( 屋 代 郷 ), Tatenuhi ( 楯 縫 郷 ), Yasuki ( 安 来 郷 ), Yamakuni ( 山 国 郷 ), Ihinashi ( 飯 梨 郷 ), Tone ( 舎 人 郷 ), Ohokusa郷 ( 大 草 草 ), Yamashiro ( 山 代 郷 ), Hayashi ( 拝 志 郷 ), Shishiji ( 宍 道 郷 )
    • Post stations: Noki ( 野 城 驛 ), Kuroda ( 黒 田 驛 ), Shishiji ( 宍 道 驛 )
    • Shrine households: Izumo-kambe ( 出 雲 神 戸 ), Kamo-kambe ( 賀 茂 神 戸 ), Imbe-kambe ( 忌 部 神 戸 )
    • Shinto Shrines: 48 registered, 19 unregistered shrines
    • Mountains: Nagaye-yama ( 長江 山 ), Atsugaki-yama ( 暑 垣 山 ), Takano-yama ( 高 野山 ), Kumano-yama ( 熊 野山 ), Kutami-yama ( 久 多 美 山 ), Tamatsukuni-yama ( 玉 作 山 ), Kamunabi-yama ( 神 名 樋 山 ),
    • Rivers, lakes, and islands in the district are listed
    • Plants and animals of the district are listed
    • Traffic routes and their length are recorded
    • Mention of the people who collected the information
    • Other: Mention of the kami Amatsuko ( 天津 子 ) (Yamashiro), in Yamakuni there are also 29 tax offices ( shōsō ), legend: In 674 the daughter of (60 years old) Imaro was attacked and killed by a shark at Cape Himesaki. Imaro begs the kami for their assistance and kills the shark that attacked his daughter. While eviscerating the shark, a leg of the girl is found.
  2. Shimane no kōri ( 嶋 根 郡 ) comprises eight village communities, 24 districts, three post stations and three shrine households
    • Village communities: Yamaguchi ( 山口 郷 ), Asakumi ( 朝 酌 郷 ), Tashimi ( 手 染 郷 ), Miho ( 美 保 郷 ), Kataye ( 方 結 郷 ), Kaga ( 加 賀 郷 ), Ikuma ( 生 馬 郷 ), Hohoki ( 法吉 郷 )
    • Post stations: Chikumi ( 千 酌 驛 ), (two are missing from the list)
    • Shinto Shrines: 14 registered, 45 unregistered shrines
    • Plants and animals of the district are listed
    • Mountains (6), rivers, lakes, and islands in the district are listed
    • Traffic routes and their length are recorded
    • Products, festivities and legends are reported
    • Mention of the people who collected the information
  3. Akika no kōri ( 秋 鹿 郡 ) comprises four village communities, 12 districts and a shrine household
    • Village communities: Etomo ( 惠 曇 郷 ), Tada ( 多 太 郷 ), Ohono ( 大野 郷 ), Inu ( 伊 農 郷 )
    • Shinto Shrines: 10 registered, 16 unregistered shrines
    • Plants and animals of the district are listed
    • Mountains (5), rivers, lakes, and islands in the district are listed
  4. Tatenuhi no kōri ( 楯 縫 郡 ) comprises four village communities, 12 districts and a shrine household
    • Village communities: Saka ( 佐 香 郷 ), Tatenuhi ( 楯 縫 郷 ), Kutami ( 玖 潭 郷 ), Nuta ( 沼 田 郷 )
    • Shinto Shrines: 9 registered, 19 unregistered shrines
    • Plants and animals of the district are listed
    • Mountains (3), rivers, lakes, and islands in the district are listed
  5. Izumo no kōri ( 出 雲 郡 ) comprises eight village communities, 12 districts and a shrine household
    • Village communities: Takerube ( 健 部 郷 ), Shitsune ( 漆 治 郷 ), Kafuchi ( 河内 郷 ), Izumo ( 出 雲 郷 ), Kizuki ( 杵 築 郷 ), Inu ( 伊努 郷 ), Mitami ( 美談 郷 )
    • Shinto Shrines: 58 registered, 64 unregistered shrines
    • Plants and animals of the district are listed
    • Mountains (2), rivers, lakes, and islands in the district are listed
  6. Kamuto no kōri ( 神 門 郡 ) comprises eight village communities, 22 districts, two post stations and a shrine household
    • Village communities: Asayama ( 朝山 郷 ), Heki ( 日 置 郷 ), Yamuya ( 鹽 冶 郷 ), Yano ( 八 野 郷 ), Takakishi ( 高岸 郷 ), Koshi ( 古 志 郷 ), Namesa ( 滑 狭 郷 ), Taki ( 多 伎 郷 )
    • Post stations: Sayufu ( 狹 結 驛 ), Taki ( 多 伎 驛 ), (one is missing from the list)
    • Shinto Shrines: 25 registered, 12 unregistered shrines
    • Plants and animals of the district are listed
    • Mountains (9), rivers, lakes, and islands in the district are listed
  7. Ihishi no kōri ( 飯 石 郡 ) comprises seven village communities and 19 districts
    • Village communities: Kumatani ( 熊 谷 郷 ), Mitoya ( 三 屋 郷 ), Ihishi ( 飯 石 郷 ), Tane ( 多 禰 郷 ), Susa ( 須 佐 郷 ), Hata ( 波 多 郷 ), Kijima ( 来 嶋 郷 )
    • Shinto Shrines: 5 registered, 16 unregistered shrines
    • Plants and animals of the district are listed
    • Mountains (12), rivers, lakes, and islands in the district are listed
  8. Nita no kōri ( 仁 多 郡 ) comprises four village communities and 12 districts
    • Village communities: Mitokoro ( 三 處 郷 ), Fuse ( 布 勢 郷 ), Misaha ( 三 澤 郷 ), Yokota ( 横 田 郷 )
    • Shinto Shrines: 2 registered, 8 unregistered shrines
    • Plants and animals of the district are listed
    • Mountains (7), rivers, lakes, and islands in the district are listed
  9. Ohoharu no kōri ( 大 原 郡 ) comprises eight village communities and 24 districts
    • Village communities: Kamuhara ( 神 原 郷 ), Yashiro ( 屋 代 郷 ), Yauchi ( 屋裏 郷 ), Sase ( 佐 世 郷 ), Ayo ( 阿 用 郷 ), Ushiho ( 海潮 郷 ), Kisuki ( 來 次 郷 ), Hi ( 斐伊郷 ) (also: Hii)
    • Shinto Shrines: 13 registered, 16 unregistered shrines
    • Plants and animals of the district are listed
    • Mountains (5), rivers, lakes, and islands in the district are listed

Kami

The suffix mikoto ( 命 ) indicates that it is a kami (a) . It is not included in the following listing.

  • Yatsukamizu Omitsunu ( 八 束 水 臣 津 野 命 ): eponymous for the province of Izumo. Is usually equated with the kami Omizuno ( 淤 美 豆 奴 命 ) from the Kojiki belonging to Susanoo's family tree .
  • Amenoshita-tsukurashishi-ōkami ( 所造 天下 大 神 ) Ōnamochi ( 大 穴 持 命 )
  • Futsunushi ( 布 都 努 志 命 ): is mentioned in connection with the village communities of Tatenuhi and Yamakuni in Ou District.
  • Kamususanoo ( 神 須 佐 乃 烏 命 )
  • Izanagi ( 伊 弉 奈 枳 命 )
  • Ajisukitakahiko ( 阿 遅 須 枳 高 日子 命 )
  • Kamimusubi ( 神魂 命 )
  • Sada-no-Ōkami ( 佐 太大 神 )
  • Unojihiko ( 宇 乃 治 比 古 命 )

Remarks

(a)Usually, the term kami in German is rendered with "Gott" or "Götter". The concepts of a monotheism typical of Europe and a polytheism that is widespread in Japanese Shintoism are opposed to one another. In order to make it clear that the concepts are neither uniform between the individual beliefs nor within a religion over a long period of time, the term kami remains untranslated below.
(b)This person is not recorded in any Japanese source, which is why it is assumed that it was a Korean immigrant. The Japanese Wikipedia states the reading Kanyake no Omi Kanatari with reference to Kazuhiko Seki 『出 雲 論 風土 記』 註 論 .
(c)The calculation is based on the following assumptions: 1 Sato comprises 50 households with 25 people each, an Amaribe is equated with 600 people (according to the Taihō Code, exactly 50 households form a Sato; if the number of households was lower, an Amaribe was formed). Two households with 50 people were assumed for a post office. An average of 400 people were accepted for the shrine households (kambe).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Karl Florenz: Japanese Mythology. Nihongi. "Age of the Gods", along with additions from other old source works . In: Supplement to the "Mittheilungen" of the German Society for Nature and Ethnology of East Asia . Hobunsha, Tokyo 1901, p. 282–285 ( archive.org - German translation).
  2. ↑ This is a commentary on the Man'yōshū by Imai Jikan . - 万 葉 緯 . In: デ ジ タ ル 大 辞 泉 at kotobank.jp. Retrieved February 25, 2015 (Japanese).
  3. ↑ 神 戸 . In: ブ リ タ ニ カ 国際 大 百科 事 典 小 項目 事 典 at kotobank.jp. Retrieved February 28, 2015 (Japanese).
  4. ↑ Martin Schwind: The Japanese island kingdom . Cultural landscape, economic powerhouse in a small area. tape 2 .. de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 1981, ISBN 3-11-008319-1 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed on February 28, 2015] See also Fig. 4, which shows the infrastructure of the province in 733 after the Izumo Fudoki shows.).
  5. ^ Nobutaka Inoue: Perspectives toward Understanding the Concept of Kami. Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University, December 20, 2000, accessed February 27, 2015 .
  6. ^ Japanese Historical Text Initiative (Ed.): Records of Wind and Earth: A Translation of Fudoki with Introduction and Commentaries . Tokyo 1958 ( berkeley.edu [accessed on February 26, 2015] From comment 220 on the Japanese-English text edition of the JHTI (password protected)).

Web links

  • 出 雲 国 風土 記 . Shimane Prefecture, 2012,accessed February 25, 2015(Japanese, Shimane Expo Japanese Myths website (神話 博 し ま ね)).
  • 資料 名 ： 出 雲 風土 記 抄 . Shimane University Library, 2008,accessed February 25, 2015(Japanese, commentary on Izumo Fudoki by Sakyuji Kishizaki from 1683, 4 volumes, 158 pages, available as PDF).
  • Records of Wind and Earth: A Translation of Fudoki with Introduction and Commentaries . In: Japanese Historical Text Initiative of the University of California, Berkeley (Ed.): Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei (Compendium of Japanese Classical Literary Works) . tape 2 . Iwanami Publishing, Tokyo 1958 ( sunsite3.berkeley.edu [accessed February 26, 2015] Japanese: 出 雲 国 風土 記 . Translated by Michiko Yamaguchi Aoki, Japanese text edition with English translation of the JHTI (password protected)).
  • Bruno Lewin : Japanese Chrestomathy : From the Nara Period to the Edo Period . Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1965, 4: Fudoki, p. 36–40 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed March 1, 2015]).