Humpolec Jewish Community
The Jewish community in Humpolec (German Humpoletz, especially 1939-1945 also Gumpolds), a town in the Okres Pelhřimov district in the Czech Republic , existed since the 14th century.
history
| Community development | ||
|
year
|
Ward families
|
annotation
|
|---|---|---|
| 1385 | "some" | |
| 1618 | ? | |
| 1719 | 10 | (about 52 people) |
| 1724 | 12 | |
| 1783 | 28 | |
| 1787 | 24 | |
| 1840 | 34 (or 40) | (280 people) |
| 1849 | 40 | 340 people, 7% of the total population |
| 1850 | 61 | 280 (340) people, 6% of the total population |
| 1880 | 343 people, 6% of the population | |
| 1890 | 324 people | |
| 1900 | 196 people, 3% of the total population | |
| 1930 | 89, 1% of the total population | |
The first written mention of the Jewish population in Humpolec is in a document dated May 15, 1385 from the finds in the nearby Želiv monastery . It mentions "some Jewish families" who settled in Humpolec. However, they left the community for unknown reasons in the following years. Only in the census of 1719 are 10 families mentioned in the archive of the Jewish community.
There are different details about the census figures from 1618: while Adolf Brock does not mention any Jewish residents in Humpolec in his earlier work at that time, Jiří Fiedler talks about a documented family in Humpolec and thus about the beginning of a new Jewish settlement Jiří Rychetský reports some families in 1618. Brock admits, however, that the Jews from Humpolec may have been included in the Herálec parish , because Humpolec was then administered from Herálec and the Jews were also under the direct jurisdiction of the Humpolec Castle , under theirs Protection was available and protection fees had to be paid to the lords of the castle.
The number of Jewish families then grew steadily and reached its peak in the second half of the 19th century. The Jewish population lived south of the town center in the so-called Jewish town (Židovské Město), which was also called "Zichpil". In the middle of the 19th century it consisted of about 30 houses, a central square and a few alleys.
After 1890 there was a steady decrease in the Jewish population in Humpolec due to the move. In 1915 and then from 1916 to 1918 there were temporarily up to 724 Jewish refugees from Galicia in the vicinity of the city, but their presence led to an increasingly anti-Semitic attitude among the rest of the Christian population. After a significant decrease in the Jewish population in the 1930s, all Jews still living there were exterminated or deported from 1939–1945 during the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia . After the end of the war, eleven Jewish survivors returned, but the Jewish community as such was not renewed.
The Humpolec synagogue , built in 1760, is located within the former ghetto, and the Humpolec Jewish cemetery is about 1 km to the east .
Personalities
The chairmen of the Jewish community in Humpolec from 1719 to 1902 included: Isák Marek Falg (1719–?), Isák Michal Neumann (? –1797), Kopelman Bondy (1787–1901), Löwy Bauer (1801–1807) , Šalamoun Beck (1807–1824), Benjamin Stiassny (1824–?), Simon Horner (? –1842), Gabriel Hellmann (1842/43), Rubín Bauer (1843/44), Aron Löwy (1844–1846), Emanuel Pollák (1846–1857), Albert Bauer (1857/58), Leopold Löwy (1858/59), Ignác Hellmann (1859–1864), Marek Bauer (1864–1879), Leopold Haller (1879–1881), Moric Bondy ( 1881–1887), Dr. jur. Alexander Frank (1887–1902), Dr. jur. Zibrid Lederer (1902–?).
The following Jewish personalities were also born in Humpolec:
- Josef Stránský , composer and conductor
- Gustav Mahler , composer and conductor, (born in Kaliště near Humpolec)
- Ernst Mandler , painter (1886–1964).
- Jakob Kafka (1814–1889), Franz Kafka's grandfather
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Adolf Brock, Dějiny Židů v Humpolci / History of the Jews in Humpolec , In: Hugo Gold (Ed.), Title: The Jews and Jewish communities of Bohemia in the past and present I. , Jüdischer Buch- und Kunstverlag 1934, Brno-Prague, p. 193ff., Online edition at: digi.landesbibliothek.at / ... (Czech); Chapter Humpolec, English version, excerpts from: www.jewishgen.org / ...
- ↑ a b c Jiří Fiedler, Židovské památky v Čechách a na Moravě , Sefer, 1992; the slightly modified online edition Židovské komunity v Čechách a na Moravě [Jewish communities in Bohemia and Moravia] is based on this, on the server www2.holocaust.cz / ... ( memento of the original from January 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info : The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Historie židovských obcí v Čechách a na Moravě [History of the Jewish communities in Bohemia and Moravia], Chapter Humpolec , online at: zidovskehrbitovy.cz / ...
- ↑ Jiří Rychetský, History of the Jewish Community in Humpolec , GemeindeView, online at: www.jewishgen.org / ...
- ↑ Herálec , keyword from the collection "Castles and Palaces in the Czech Republic", online at: www.hrady.cz / ...
- ↑ Humpolec , keyword from Ottův slovník naučný [Otto's Lexicon], 28 volumes, Nakladatelství J. Otto spol. s ro, Prague 1888–1909, vol. 11 (1897), p. 882, online at: www.archive.org / ...
- ↑ Židovské město Humpolec , online at: pechacpetr.blog.cz / ...
- ↑ Zichpil (Zichpil) - History , www.zanikleobce.cz / ...
- ↑ From the history of the Jewish communities in the German-speaking area , keyword Gumpolds (Böhmen) , online at: www.jüdische-gemeinden.de /
- ↑ GemeindeView: Humpolec , online at: www.jewishgen.org / ...
